HBBl 


M    IDS    Ift2 


"UNCLE    TOM'S    CABIN" 

IN 
GERMANY 


BY 

GRACE  EDITH  MACLEAN. 


INAUGURAL  DISSERTATION  ZUR  ERLANGUNG  DER  DOCTOR  WURDE 

DER  HOHEN  PHILOSOPHISCHEN   FACULTAT  DER 

UNIVERSITAT  HEIDELBERG 


AMERICANA    GERMANI 
VOLUME   X 


PUBLICATIONS 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF    PENNSYLVANIA 

D.  APPLETON  &  COMPANY 

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1910 


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OF   THE 

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AMERICANA  GERMANICA 

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MONOGRAPHS  DEVOTED  TO  THE  COMPARATIVE 
STUDY  OF  THE 


Literary,  Linguistic  and  Other  Cultural  Relations 

OF 

Germany  and  America 


EDITOR 

MARION    DEXTER    LEARNED 

University  of  Pennsylvania 


NEW  YORK 
D.  APPLETON  &  COMPANY 

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TO 

MY  MOTHER 


251892 


"UNCLE    TOM'S    CABIN 

IN 
GERMANY 


9  9 


BY 

GRACE  EDITH  MACLEAN. 


INAUGURAL  DISSERTATION  ZUR  ERLANGUNG  DER  DOCTORWURDE 

DER  HOHEN  PHILOSOPHISCHEN   FACULTAT  DER 

UNIVERSITAT  HEIDELBERG 


AMERICANA    GERMANICA 
VOLUME   X 


PUBLICATIONS 

OK  THE 

UNIVERSITY   OF    PENNSYLVANIA 

D.  APPLETON  &  COMPANY 

PUBLISHING  AGENTS 

NEW  YORK 

1910 


COPYR.GHTED  BY  GRACE   ED.TH    MACLEAN 
1910 


PREFACE. 


Among  the  many  ways  in  which  America  has  influenced 
the  culture  of  Germany,  that  of  the  subject  of  slavery  is 
shown  in  the  multitude  of  translations,  adaptations  and  imi 
tations  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

From  the  earliest  days  of  the  Colonies  the  Germans  in 
America  were  strongly  opposed  to  slavery,  as  were  the 
Quakers.  This  question  was  a  most  important  one  and  was 
discussed  by  Pastorius  in  his  "  Protest  against  Negro 
Slavery",  brought  by  the  Germans  before  the  Friends' Meet 
ing  in  1688,  and  among  those  who  fought  in  the  War  for  In 
dependence  there  were  also  Germans  who  felt  the  growing 
earnestness  of  the  slavery  question  as  Philipp  Waldeck 
shows  in  his  "Tagebuch",  1776-1783.  The  revolutionists 
of  '48  were  heart  and  soul  for  freedom,  and  the  many  who 
came  to  America  at  that  time  and  later  participated  in  the 
Civil  War  were  led  to  do  so  largely  by  the  strong  abolition 
feeling  which  prevailed. 

The  influence  spread  to  the  homeland,  as  is  proved  by 
letters,  newspaper  reports  and  discussions,  but  most  of  all 
by  Mrs.  Stowe's  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.  This  was  circulated  in 
translation  in  every  town  and  city  of  Germany,  adapted  and 
presented  on  the  stage,  and  imitated  by  well-known  and 
obscure  writers  and  translators,  many  of  whom  endeavored 
to  share  in  the  fame  and  others  in  the  pecuniary  benefits  of 
the  great  wave  of  excitement  which  swept  around  the  world. 
A  study  of  the  influence  of  Uncle  Tom  reveals  the  interest 
in  American  social  life,  indignation  at  the  evils  of  slavery, 
and  close  sympathy  between  Germany  and  America. 

(vii) 


Vlll  PREFACE 

This  work  was  begun  with  the  encouragement  of  Pro 
fessor  M.  D.  Learned  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  was  completed  during  three  years  of  research  work  in 
Germany  under  Professor  J.  Hoops,  of  the  University  of 
Heidelberg,  the  inspiration  and  always  kindly  advice  and 
help  of  both  of  whom  I  hereby  most  gratefully  acknowledge. 

G.  E.  MACLEAN. 


CONTENTS. 

I.  Introduction. 

1.  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe.    Biographical  Sketch. 

2.  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  and  its  Importance  in  the  Anti- 

Slavery  Movement. 

II.  German  Translations. 

III.  Notices  and  Eeviews. 

1.  Circulating  Libraries  and  Publishers '  Notices. 

2.  Newspaper  Comments  and  Critical  Reviews. 

IV.  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  in  Poetry  and  Music. 

V.  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  on  the  Stage. 

1.  In  German  Theatres  in  America. 

2.  In  Germany. 

VI.  Influence  on  Literature. 

1.  Hacklander. 

2.  Auerbach. 

3.  Minor  Writers. 

(a)  "Rettcliffe." 

(b)  Gothe. 

(c)  Other  Minor  Writers. 

4.  Juvenile  Literature. 

VII.  Conclusion. 

VIII.  Appendix. 

1.  List  of  Reviews  consulted. 

(a)  Reviews  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

(b)  Reviews  of  the  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

2.  Bibliography. 

(a)  General  References. 

(b)  Mrs.  Stowe  and  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

(c)  Translations. 

3.  Translations  and  Reviews  of  the  other  works  of  Mrs. 

Stowe. 

(a)  Translations. 

(b)  Reviews. 

(ix) 


I.     INTRODUCTION. 

"It  is  probable  that  no  novel  ever  written  has  had  such 
an  immense  popularity  or  has  ever  exerted  so  great  an  in 
fluence  on  human  affairs  as  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.  In  its 
power  of  simple  pathos,  in  its  passionate  humanitarianism, 
in  its  instinctive  art,  it  is  unique.  It  has  the  rare  kind  of 
greatness  which  belongs  to  a  large  and  simple  design  faith 
fully  executed.  If  it  has  ceased  to  be  read,  it  is  because 
the  cause  it  pleaded  is  won — the  highest  possible  tribute  to 
its  influence. m 

Such  is  the  criticism  of  a  fair-minded  critic  of  the  novel. 

Europe  was  a  sympathizer  with  the  New  World  to 
which  it  was  closely  bound  by  emigration,  but  before  the 
War  for  the  Union  in  the  United  States,  little  thought  was 
directed  to  the  dark  problem  of  slavery  which  was  growing 
daily  more  serious,  until  Mrs.  Stowe  so  graphically  pictured 
the  conditions  of  society.  Then,  immediately,  an  interest 
was  aroused — critical  and  anxious,  because  the  principle  of 
right  and  wrong  was  involved. 

It  is,  indeed,  a  unique  experience  for  an  author  to  find 
herself  so  suddenly  famous — "die  Lowin  des  Tages",2  as 
she  was  called.  "Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte,  von  Beecher-Stowe 
brachte  die  ganze  Welt  in  fieberhaf te  Auf regung. '  '3 

How  far  did  this  interest  extend?  Was  it  only  fostered 
by  revolutionists  or  by  a  public  sympathetic  with  the  op 
pressed  and  down-trodden,  and  did  this  interest  manifest  it 
self  as  an  influence  ? 

These  questions,  it  is  our  purpose  to  answer,  as  well 
as  may  be,  in  regard  to  Germany.  The  subject  may  be  di 
vided  into  the  following  parts : 


1  W.  J.  Dawson,  "The  Makers  of  English  Fiction,"  Lon.  1905,  p.  265-6. 
'Ausland,  1854,  II,  No.  34,  p.  803,  Aug.  25. 
•Badische  Landeszeitung,  1854,  No.  251,  Oct.  27. 

(11) 


12  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

I.  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  in  Translation. 
II.  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  in  Eeviews. 

III.  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  on  the  Stage. 

IV.  Imitations  and  Influence  on  the  Novel. 
V.  Influence  in  general  upon  the  People. 

1.    Biography. 

Before  entering  upon  the  discussion  of  the  questions 
above  suggested,  it  will  be  necessary  to  sketch  the  life  and 
works  of  Mrs.  Stowe. 

Harriet  Elizabeth  Beecher-Stowe4  (1811-1896),  the  third 
daughter  of  the  Eev.  Lyman  Beecher  and  Eoxanna  Foote- 
Beecher,  was  born  June  14,  1811,  at  Litchfield,  Connecticut. 
Her  father  was  the  Congregational  minister  of  the  town, 
and  the  community  in  which  she  spent  her  childhood  was 
one  of  the  most  intellectual  in  New  England.  Mrs.  Beecher 
died  when  Harriet  was  four  years  of  age,  but  the  memory 
of  her  strong  sympathetic  nature  remained  with  her  children 
throughout  their  lives.  Mrs.  Stowe  writes : 

" Although  my  mother's  bodily  presence  disappeared 
from  our  circle,  I  think  that  her  memory  and  example 
had  more  influence  in  moulding  her  family  than  the  living 
presence  of  many  mothers.  The  passage  in  Uncle  Tom, 
where  Augustine  St.  Clair  describes  his  mother's  influence, 
is  a  simple  reproduction  of  my  own  mother's  influence  as 
t  it  has  always  been  felt  in  her  family. ' ' 

After  her  mother's  death,  Mrs.  Stowe  was  placed  in  the 
care  of  her  grandmother  and  aunt  in  Guilford,  Conn.,  and 
here  began  her  first  steps  in  education.  She  listened  with 
untiring  interest  to  the  ballads  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  of 
Robert  Burns,  and  searched  eagerly  for  something  as 
interesting  among  the  sermons  and  pamphlets  of  the  garret. 
Finally  she  discovered  an  old  copy  of  Arabian  Nights,  which 
was  to  her  "a  dream  of  delight — an  enchanted  palace, 
through  which  her  imagination  ran  wild",  and  this  book  and 


4  C.  E.  Stowe,  Biography  of  Mrs.  Stowe,  Boston  &  N.  Y.,  1889. 


INTRODUCTION  13 

Cotton  Mather's  Magnolia  were  the  greatest  treasures  of 
her  childhood. 

After  the  marriage  of  her  father  to  Harriet  Porter,  of 
Portland,  Maine,  her  schooldays  began  at  the  Litchfield 
Academy,  under  the  charge  of  Sarah  Price  and  John  Brace. 
The  character  and  methods  of  instruction  of  her  teachers 
here  always  remained  pleasant  memories  with  Mrs.  Stowe : 

"Mr.  Brace  exceeded  all  the  teachers  that  I  ever  knew 
in  the  faculty  of  teaching  composition, "  she  writes.  "Much 
of  the  inspiration  and  training  of  my  early  days  consisted 
not  in  the  things  I  was  supposed  to  be  studying,  but  in 
hearing,  while  seated  unnoticed  at  my  desk,  the  conversa 
tion  of  Mr.  Brace  with  the  older  classes. ' ' 

The  influences  of  her  home  at  this  time  were  likewise 
stimulating.  Dr.  Beecher  was  a  strong,  sound  man  in  body 
and  mind,  and  his  religious  influence  was  ever  healthy  and 
cheerful.  His  system  of  theology  was  broad  and  compre 
hensive — that  of  a  Calvinist.  His  children  grew  up  in 
an  atmosphere  of  intellectual  and  moral  enthusiasm,  and 
Mrs.  Stowe,  at  the  age  of  twelve  years,  was  a  bright, 
thoughtful  child,  who  listened  with  attention  to  the  sermons 
of  her  father,  delivered  in  the  village  church.  Dr.  Beecher 
was  a  friend  of  the  poor  and  needy,  and  his  sermons  and 
prayers  at  the  time  of  the  Missouri  agitation  drew  tears 
from  the  eyes  of  the  hard  old  farmers  who  listened;  as, 
earnestly  and  passionately  longing  to  help  the  cause  of  the 
slave,  he  appealed  for  "poor,  oppressed,  bleeding  Africa, 
that  the  time  of  her  deliverance  might  come. ' ' 

Thus  it  was  natural  that  from  her  childhood  Mrs.  Stowe 
should  become  an  enemy  of  slavery.  In  1824,  she  went  to 
Hartford,  Conn.,  to  attend  the  school  that  had  been  estab 
lished  there  by  her  elder  sister,  Catharine,  and  the  strong 
character  of  the  latter  stamped  itself  upon  the  sensitive 
and  imaginative  nature  of  her  younger  sister.  Here  she  re 
mained  as  pupil  and  teacher  until  1832,  when  Dr.  Beecher 
accepted  a  call  to  become  president  of  the  newly  founded 
Lane  Theological  Seminary,  and  removed  with  his  family  to 


14  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

Cincinnati.  Catharine  Beecher  also  accompanied  them,  eager 
to  establish  a  school,  with  Harriet  as  an  assistant,  which 
should  be  one  of  the  pioneer  schools  for  women  in  the  West. 
Here  Harriet  took  an  active  part  in  the  school  life,  com 
piled  an  Elementary  Geography,  wrote  lectures  for  the 
classes ;  and,  as  a  member  of  the  Semi-Colon  Club,  a  social 
and  literary  circle,  at  the  meetings  of  which  the  questions 
of  the  day  were  discussed,  she  contributed  humorous 
sketches  and  poems.  Her  first  literary  work  was  written 
for  the  Western  Monthly,  and  afterwards  was  republished 
in  The  Mayflower. 

January  6,  1836,  she  was  married  to  Eev.  Calvin  Ellis 
Stowe,  one  of  the  professors  in  the  seminary,  a  man  of 
wide  interests,  especially  in  education.  It  was  largely  his 
encouragement  that  led  her  to  continue  in  literary  work. 

During  her  residence  of  eighteen  years  in  Cincinnati, 
Mrs.  Stowe  had  frequently  visited  the  slave  States,  first  in 
1833  in  a  trip  to  Kentucky,  where  she  was  a  guest  at  an 
estate  afterwards  portrayed  as  Colonel  Shelby's  in  Uncle 
Tom,  and  acquired  the  minute  knowledge  of  Southern 
life,  which  is  so  conspicuously  displayed  in  her  works.  The 
problem  of  human  slavery  was  constantly  thrust  upon  her 
attention,  for  a  river  only  separated  Ohio  from  a  slave- 
holding  community.  Slaves  were  continually  escaping  from 
their  masters,  and  were  sheltered  by  the  circle  in  which 
she  lived  and  assisted  on  their  journey  to  Canada.  During 
the  riots  in  which  James  G.  Birney's  press  was  destroyed, 
in  1836,  only  the  distance  from  the  city  and  the  depths  of 
mud  saved  the  Lane  Seminary  from  a  like  fate,  for  it  was 
strong  in  Abolitionists,  and  the  excitement  was  intense.  Mrs. 
Stowe  watched  the  course  of  events  with  keenest  interest, 
and  in  the  great  debate,  which  was  political,  economical 
and  moral,  she  took  an  active  part. 

In  June,  1836,  Professor  Stowe  sailed  for  London  to 
buy  books  for  the  seminary,  and  at  home  his  wife  continued 
to  write  occasionally  for  the  Western  Monthly  and  for  the 
New  York  Evangelist. 


INTRODUCTION  15 

The  ten  years,  1840  to  1850,  tell  a  story  of  poverty, 
famine  and  cholera  in  Cincinnati;  but  through  it  all,  Mrs. 
Stowe  kept  up  her  correspondence  with  Eastern  friends, 
and  in  1842  visited  Hartford,  Conn.,  to  regain  her  health. 
It  is  then  that  her  husband  writes  to  her : 

' '  My  dear,  you  must  be  a  literary  woman.  It  is  so  writ 
ten  in  the  Book  of  Fate.  Make  all  your  calculations  accord 
ingly.  Get  a  good  stock  of  health,  and  brush  up  your  mind. 
Drop  the  E  out  of  your  name,  it  only  encumbers  it  and  in 
terferes  with  the  flow  of  euphony.  Write  yourself,  fully 
and  always:  Harriet  Beecher-Stowe — which  is  a  name 
euphonious,  flowing,  and  full  of  meaning.  Then,  my  word 
for  it,  your  husband  will  lift  up  his  head  in  the  gate,  and 
your  children  will  rise  up  and  call  you  blessed. ' ' 

In  the  summer  of  1849,  during  the  absence  of  Professor 
Stowe,  the  epidemic  of  cholera  in  Cincinnati  brought  sor 
row  to  the  family  in  the  death  of  the  youngest  child ;  but  in 
September  of  the  same  year  Professor  Stowe  was  elected  to 
a  professorship  in  Bowdoin  College,  Brunswick,  Maine,  and 
removed  with  his  family  thither.  It  was  in  the  midst  of  the 
excitement  caused  by  the  passage  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law 
that  Mrs.  Stowe  arrived  in  Boston  from  the  West,  and  she 
was  prepared  for  the  great  work  which  came  to  her,  little  by 
little,  as  a  message  which  she  must  deliver;  and  when  she 
went  on  to  Brunswick,  she  was  kept  informed  of  events  in 
Boston  by  her  friends,  among  whom  were  those  who  were 
blind  and  deaf  to  all  arguments  against  the  law  which,  as 
Mrs.  Stowe  thought,  all  benevolent  and  tender-hearted 
Christians  should  believe  unjust. 

Mrs.  Edward  Beecher,  in  a  letter  to  Mrs.  Stowe,  said 
after  describing  the  enforcement  of  the  law  in  Boston: 
"Now,  Hattie,  if  I  could  use  a  pen  as  you  can,  I  would 
write  something  that  would  make  this  whole  nation  feel  what 
an  accursed  thing  slavery  is." 

Mrs.  Stowe  read  this  letter  aloud  to  her  family,  and 
when  she  came  to  the  passage  quoted,  she  rose  from  her 


16  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

chair  and  exclaimed,  "I  will  write  something.  I  will,  if  I 
live." 

And  in  the  quiet  of  a  country  town,  far  away  from  the 
actual  contact  with  painful  scenes,  but  on  the  edge  of  the 
whirlwind  raised  by  the  Fugitive  Slave  Bill,  memory  and 
imagination  had  full  scope,  and  she  wrote  for  the  National 
Era,  an  anti-slavery  weekly  paper  of  Washington.  D.  C., 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin;  or,  Life  Among  the  Lowly.  The  story 
appeared  as  a  serial  from  June  5,  1851,  to  April  1,  1852. 
It  was  begun  as  a  magazine  tale,  but  the  interest  excited 
by  the  story,  and  the  encouragement  which  the  author  re 
ceived,  compelled  her  to  continue  until  it  had  become  a 
volume  which  has  a  place  among  the  notable  books  of  the 
world.  In  the  meantime  Professor  Stowe  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Biblical  Literature  in  the  Theological  Seminary 
at  Andover,  Mass.,  and  with  his  family  removed  to  that 
place  about  the  time  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  was  published. 

At  first  Mrs.  Stowe  was  despondent  as  to  the  result  of 
her  literary  effort ;  she  says : 

"It  seemed  to  me  that  there  was  no  hope;  that  nobody 
would  hear;  that  nobody  would  read,  nobody  would  pity; 
that  this  frightful  system,  which  pursued  its  victims  into  the 
free  States,  might  at  least  threaten  them  even  in  Canada." 
But  the  publication  of  the  story  in  book  form  March  20, 
1852,  by  J.  P.  Jewett  &  Co.,  Boston,  was  a  factor  which 
must  be  reckoned  as  one  of  the  moving  causes  of  the  War 
for  the  Union. 

In  the  spring  of  1853,  Mrs.  Stowe 's  health  made  a  com 
plete  rest  and  change  of  scene  necessary,  and  she  sailed  for 
England,  accompanied  by  Professor  Stowe  and  her  brother, 
Eev.  Charles  Beecher,  by  invitation  of  the  Anti-slavery  Soci 
ety  of  Glasgow.  This  journey  enabled  her  to  meet  the  leading 
writers  of  the  day,  and  everywhere  she  was  received  most 
cordially  and  much  money  was  collected  to  aid  the  anti- 
slavery  cause.  The  experiences  of  this  trip  were  published 
the  following  year  in  the  form  of  a  collection  of  letters  of 


INTRODUCTION  17 

Mrs.  Stowe  and  her  brother  during  their  travels  under  the 
title  of  Sunny  Memories  of  Foreign  Lands.5  Three  years 
later,  another  visit  was  made  to  England  and  the  Continent, 
one  of  the  purposes  of  which  was  to  arrange  for  an  English 
edition  of  Dred,  a  Tale  of  the  Dismal  Swamp,  which  had 
appeared  in  the  spring  of  1856.  The  same  book  was  re 
issued  in  1866  under  the  title  of  Nina  Gordon,  but  has  been 
again  published  under  the  original  title.  During  the  trip 
through  Germany  (1856)  Mrs.  Stowe  visited  Heidelberg, 
leaving  August  1,  for  Frankfurt  a/M.,  where  the  party 
made  their  headquarters  at  Hotel  Eussie,  and  from  there 
went  to  Mainz  and  down  the  Ehine,  visiting  Bingen,  Cob- 
lenz,  Bonn,  Drachenfels.  They  also  visited  the  famous  gal 
leries  in  Diisseldorf,  and  in  Leipzig  were  entertained  by 
Tauclmitz,  the  publisher.  After  spending  a  few  days  in 
Wittenberg  and  Berlin,  they  returned  to  Paris,  via  Ant 
werp,  August  20. 

In  December,  1858,  the  first  chapter  of  the  Minister's 
Wooing  appeared  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  and  about  the 
same  time  the  Pearl  of  Orr's  Island  was  published  as  a 
serial  in  the  Independent.  A  third  trip  to  Europe  was  made 
in  1859  to  aid  the  anti-slavery  cause. 

The  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  found  Mrs.  Stowe  in 
Andover,  Mass.,  working  earnestly  for  freedom  both  in 
America  and  through  her  influence  in  Europe.  In  1864  Pro 
fessor  Stowe  resigned  his  professorship  at  Andover,  and 
they  made  their  home  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  spending  the  win 
ters  in  Mandarin,  Florida,  as  long  as  the  health  of  Professor 
Stowe  allowed  him  to  travel.  Mrs.  Stowe  passed  many  happy 
winters  in  her  Southern  home  until  the  death  of  her  hus 
band  in  1886,  after  which  she  spent  the  rest  of  her  life  in 
Hartford,  near  the  homes  of  "Mark  Twain ",  Charles  D. 
Warner,  and  others,  who  formed  the  select  literary  "  co 
terie  »  of  Asylum  Hill.  She  died  July  1, 1896,  and  was  buried 
in  Andover  beside  her  husband. 


6  2  vols.     Boston,  1854. 


18  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

2.     The  Importance  of  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin"  in  the  Anti- 
slavery  Movement. 

In  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  Mrs.  Stowe  draws  a  picture  of 
slaveholding  in  the  Southern  States  as  she  had  witnessed 
it,  putting  in  a  concrete  form  the  actual  horrors  of  slavery. 
The  plot  is  somewhat  rambling,  but  her  characters  have  a 
vitality  which  makes  them  real.  Her  description,  a  back 
ground  which  she  had  known  from  personal  experience, 
arouses  the  sentiment  of  the  reader  through  its  faithful 
ness  to  nature,  so  that  he  accepts  it  as  true.  The  arguments 
for  and  against  the  system  are  introduced  intelligently,  and 
her  reasoning  is  logical  and  convincing,  so  that  even  the 
Southern  reader  could  not  but  recognize  the  evils  of  the 
institution  which  he  so  strongly  upheld.  Until  the  appear 
ance  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  slavery  had  been  considered  by 
the  North  as  a  deplorable  abstraction,  but  wherever  the 
book  went  it  awakened  this  abstraction  to  life. 

"It  was  not  written  for  a  political  purpose,  but  for 
moral  suasion  ",6  to  show  that  each  revolving  year  in  the 
life  of  the  nation  brought  nearer  the  inevitable  crisis  in 
which  the  Elder  America  would  perish  and  the  New  America 
arise. 

The  state  of  political  feeling  which  prevailed  at  this 
time  can  hardly  be  appreciated  by  the  present  generation ; 
the  sensibilities  of  the  modern  readers  are  blunted  to  the 
evil  which  nearly  caused  the  downfall  of  the  Union.  Negro 
slavery  had  died  out  in  the  Northern  States  during  the  first 
quarter  of  the  19th  century;  but  the  condition  of  industry 
in  the  South  had  stimulated  the  institution  there,  until  it 
had  assumed  social  and  economic  importance.  The  Quakers 
had  always  opposed  slavery,  as  had  the  majority  of  the 
Germans  in  America,  and  the  anti-slavery  movement  went 
slowly  on  with  men  like  Garrison,  Sumner  and  Parker,  sacri 
ficing  their  social  career  to  the  principles  in  which  they 


•C.  E.  Stowe,  Biog.  Mrs.  Stowe. 


INTRODUCTION  19 

believed;  but  when  Mrs.  Stowe's  book  was  produced,  the 
movement  became  popular. 

The  sentiment  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  endures  and  will 
always  be  as  true  as  when  it  first  stirred  the  hearts  of  the 
many  thousands  of  readers ;  foj^texpresses  slave-life  itself, 
not  a  comparison, — a  new  field  mlo  which  no  novelist  had 
penetrated — and  the  vigor  of  treatment,  depth  of  pathos 
and  independence  of  style  have  insured  to  the  author  last 
ing  admiration. 

When  the  story  appeared  in  book  form,  three  thousand 
copies  were  sold  the  first  day — a  second  edition  was  issued 
the  following  week,  and  within  a  year  one  hundred  and 
twenty  editions  had  been  issued  in  the  United  States.  Samp 
son  Low,  who  afterwards  became  Mrs.  Stowe's  English 
publisher,  thus  records  its  success  in  England  :7 

"From  April  to  December,  1852,  twelve  different  edi 
tions  (riot  reissues),  at  one  shilling,  were  published;  and 
within  the  twelve  months  of  its  first  appearance  no  less  than 
eighteen  different  houses  in  London  were  engaged  in  sup 
plying  the  demand  that  had  set  in.  The  total  number  of 
editions  was  forty,  varying  from  the  fine  illustrated  edition 
of  15s.  to  the  cheap  and  popular  one  at  6d.  After  care 
fully  analyzing  these  editions  and  weighing  probaT5Tlities 
with  ascertained  facts,  I  am  able  pretty  confidently  to  say 
that  the  aggregate  number  circulated  in  Great  Britain  and 
her  colonies  exceeded  one  million  and  a  half. ' ' 

"It  was  read  everywhere,  by  all  classes  of  people;  talk 
of  it  filled  the  atmosphere.  Heated  discussions,  occasioned 
by  it,  resounded  in  cottage,  farmhouse,  business  offices  and 
palatial  residences  all  over  the  land.  The  pity,  distress 
and  soul-felt  indignation  in  which  it  had  heen  written,  were 
by  it  transferred  to  the  minds  and  consciences  of  its  read 
ers,  and  the  antagonism^ it  everywhere  engendered,  threw 
the  social  life  of  this  country  and  England  into  angry  effer 
vescence  through  all  its  strata. 

'  Old  South  Leaflets  No.  82:  "The  Story  of  U.  T.  C.,"  p.  16. 


20  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

"Echoes  of  its  clarion  tones  came  back  to  Mrs.  Stowe  in 
her  quiet  home  in  Brunswick,  returning  as  they  had  struck 
the  world,  with  clashing  dissonance  or  low,  sweet  tones  of 
human  feeling. 

"Letters,  letters  of  all  sizes,  colors,  directions  and  kinds 
of  chirography  astonished  the  postmaster  at  Brunswick  by 
their  countless  numbers,  and  the  author  began  to  feel  the 
nation's  pulse. 

"Friends  applauded,  remonstrated,  or  vociferously 
deprecated  her  course.  Literary  associates  praised  the 
technique  of  the  story,  but  thought  the  subject  ill-chosen. 
Abolitionists  wrote  with  irrepressible  enthusiasm.  Poli 
ticians  angrily  expressed  their  amazement  that  her  hus 
band  should  permit  her  to  stir  up  the  people.  Slaveholders 
heaped  reproaches  upon  her  and  badly  spelled  productions, 
which  were  taken  with  tongs  by  her  husband  and  dropped 
almost  unread  into  the  fire."8 

William  Lloyd  Garrison  writes  to  Mrs.  Stowe: 

"Since  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  has  been  published,  all  the 

defenders  of  slavery  have  let  me  alone,  and  are  spending 

their  strength  in  abusing  you.  ' '    And  Charles  Dickens  says : 

1  Your  book  is  worthy  of  any  head  and  any  heart  that 

ever  inspired  a  book. ' ' 

Charles  Kingsley  gives  as  his  opinion: 

'Your  book  will  do  more  to  take  away  the  reproach 
from  your  great  and  growing  nation  than  many  platform 
agitations  and  speechifyings. " 

One  cause  of  the  indisputed  popularity  of  the  book  was 
its.  foundation  upon  truth.  The  Southerner  called  for  facts 
—proof;  claimed  thaF!he  book  made  ignorant  and  mali 
cious  misrepresentations;  and  to  refute  this,  Mrs.  Stowe 
published  in  1853  the  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  "pre 
senting  original  facts  and  documents  upon  which  the  story 


'Florine  Thayer  McCray,  "The  Life  Work  of  the  Author  of  'U.  T.  C'" 
N.  Y.,  1889j  p.  105ff. 


INTRODUCTION  21 

is  founded,  together  with  corroborative  statements  verify 
ing  the  truth  of  the  work." 

The  Key  was  sought  for  almost  as  much  as  Uncle  Tom, 
especially  at  the  South,  where  the  sales  were  remarkable- 
ninety  thousand  copies  were  published  in  the  United  States 
in  one  month. 

Mrs.  Stowe  also  arranged  the  story  for  youthful 
readers  under  the  title,  A  Peep  into  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin 
(1853),  and  in  1855  wrote  an  adaptation  for  the  stage,  en 
titled  The  Christian  Slave. 

Nor  was  the  influence  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  con 
fined  to  the  United  States.  It  crossed  the  seas,  and  within 
a  year  was  scattered  all  over  the  world.  It  was  translated 
and  circulated  in  unprecedented  numbers  in  every  city, 
country  and  court  of  Europe ;  and  wherever  it  was  read,  it 
excited  like  abhorrence  of  the  system  it  so  vividly  portrayed, 
kind  sympathy  with  every  effort  for  abolition,  and  aroused 
hearty  good-will  and  earnest  wishes  for  the  new  party  of 
freedom. 

The  number  of  translations  has  been  variously  esti 
mated  from  twenty  to  forty  languages  and  dialects.  We 
find  translations  into  at  least  twenty-one  different  lan 
guages,  as  follows :  Arabic;  Armenian;  Bohemian;  Danish, 
two  distinct  versions ;  Dutch,  three  distinct  versions  and  one 
for  children — 14  separate  editions;  Finnish;  Flemish; 
French®  eleven  distinct  versions,  two  abridgements  for 
children,  and  two  dramatic  adaptations;  Hungarian,  one 
complete  version,  one  for  children,  and  one  versified  abridge 
ment;  Illyrian,  two;  Italian,  twelve  versions  and  one  for 
children  (two  editions  of  the  Key) — 14  editions;  Portuguese; 
Polish;  Romaic  or  modern  Greek ;  Russian,  two ;  Spanish, 
six  (Spain,  five;  Mexico,  one);  Servian;  Sivedish,  five  for 
children,  six  distinct  versions — at  least  sixteen  editions; 
Wallachian,  two;  Welsh,  three;  Wendish;  and  in  German 
at  least  seventy- five  separate  editions. 


•  Bullen,  9  versions.  Lorenz  Cat.  23  editions. 


22  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

II.     GERMAN  TRANSLATIONS. 

"Wir  leben  sehr  rasch  und  vergessen  mit  einer  wunder- 
baren  Schnelligkeit ;  nur  wenig  Menschen  erinnern  sich  noch 
an  die  grauliche  Periode  von  1852-9,"  says  Julian  Schmidt.10 
But  the  time  has  come  when  the  German  people  think  with 
pride  and  gratitude  of  the  men,  who  in  1848  strove  for  unity 
and  democracy.  One  of  the  great  problems  of  the  nine 
teenth  century  has  been  that  of  freedom  and  truth  and  their 
attainment.  In  the  German  Empire  the  period  1830-48 
marks  the  birth  of  a  modern  political  life.  Progress  was 
rapid,  as  the  air  grew  full  of  such  watchwords  as  emanci 
pation,  humanity,  public  opinion,  and  the  spectre  of  social 
revolution  appeared  on  the  horizon. 

"Battle  and  storm  advanced  steadily  and  the  liberal 
movement  merged  into  an  all-absorbing  issue — on  the  one 
side  monarchy,  on  the  other  the  people ;  on  the  one  coercion, 
on  the  other  freedom;  on  the  one  privilege,  on  the  other 
law;  on  the  one  provincialism,  and  on  the  other  national 
ism."11  But  the  end  was  discouragement,  failure — not  fail 
ure  from  the  broad  standpoint  of  social  progress,  for  a  per 
iod  of  reaction,  stagnation  and  despair  followed,  which  was 
only  gradually  overcome  by  the  hopefulness  of  the  younger 
generation.  The  influence  of  Schopenhauer,  the  father  of 
pessimism,  was  heavy  upon  the  minds  of  the  people,  and 
with  eagerness  and  curiosity  the  book-hungry  public  sought 
any  disclosure  of  the  shame  of  social  conditions.  The  news 
papers,  journals  and  books  of  the  day  were  full  of  merciless 
criticism  and  discontent. 

It  was  this  soured  and  despairing  public  that  received 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  in  1852,  and  read  it  with  sympathy  and 
enthusiasm,  for  it  reflected  the  state  of  mind  and  conditions 
of  society  existent  among  the  readers  themselves.  What 

10  Julian  Schmidt,  "  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Literatur  v.  Leibniz  Us  auf 
unsere  Zeit,"  Vol.  I,  p.  587-8,  BerL,  1896. 

"Kuno  Francke,  "Social  Forces  in  German  Literature,"  N.  Y.,  1899. 


GERMAN  TRANSLATIONS  23 

would  have  been  the  result,  if  the  book  had  reached  Germany 
eight  or  ten  years  earlier?  Who  can  estimate  the  flame  of 
feeling  that  it  would  have  produced?  Yet  we  may  believe, 
from  the  wide  influence  which  we  shall  prove,  that  it  helped 
to  keep  alive  and  deepen  the  desire  for  freedom  and  reform, 
until  in  the  progress  of  social  development,  the  hope  was  ful 
filled.  That  the  book  was  generally  read  in  Germany  is 
proved  by  the  comments  of  the  newspapers  and  literary 
journals,  by  the  number  of  translations,  and  by  the  state 
ments  of  the  many  people  with  whom  we  have  conversed  on 
the  subject,  especially  of  those  whose  relatives  were  in 
America. 

Mrs.  Stowe  was  everywhere  known  as  "die  beriihmte 
Verfasserin  von  Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte,  or  "die  Humanistin", 
and  her  book  was  called  the  Evangelium  der  Negersklaven.12 

The  number  of  translations  and  editions  is  remarkable. 
We  have  found  at  least  75  separate  editions  in  the  German 
language;  41  distinct  versions,  to  16  of  which  the  names  of 
the  translators  are  given ;  11  abridgements  for  children ;  one 
dramatic  adaptation,  and  one  volume  of  illustrations.  Be 
sides  these  there  are  three  editions  in  English,  one  of  which 
is  for  school  use,  and  one  edition  in  French,  also  for  schools, 
published  in  Germany. 

The  description  of  the  translator  and  his  work  in  Hack- 
lander's  Europaisches  Sklavenleben  is  a  fair  picture  of  the 
demand  for  the  book.  The  publisher  cannot  wait  for  the 
chapters  to  be  translated,  and  the  old  man  is  obliged  to 
work  far  into  the  night  to  satisfy  his  employer  and  to  earn 
the  pittance  which  supports  his  family.  The  publisher  does 
not  allow  him  the  credit  of  having  translated  the  story,  and 
it  appears  only  under  the  firm  name.  As  this  was  fre 
quently  the  case  in  publishing  houses,  we  may  infer  that 
many  of  the  translations  of  Uncle  Tom,  to  which  the  name 
is  lacking,  are  not  simply  copies  of  other  translations,  but 
the  original  work  of  some  obscure  translators. 

13  Cf.  Preussische  Zeitung,  1853,  No.  24,  Jan.  29. 


24  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEBMANY 

Among  the  translators  we  meet  some  well-known  names, 
as  Adolf  Strodtmann,  poet  and  critic;  Dr.  Max  Schasler, 
critic  and  "aesthetiker";  W.  E.  Drugulin,  bookseller  and 
publisher.  Others  are  not  so  well-known,  as  Carl  von  der 
Boeck  and  Marie  von  Felseneck,  juvenile  writers,  and  Mar- 
garethe  Jacobi,  translator;  and  of  many  we  have  only  the 
names. 

The  translations  are  in  general  well  done,  and  though 
in  most  cases  no  attempt  is  made  to  reproduce  the  negro 
dialect,  the  sequence  of  the  story  is  kept  throughout.  The 
illustrations  which  are  introduced  are  original  in  some  of 
the  editions,  and  in  others  are  copied  from  those  of  the 
English  or  American  editions.  The  abridgements  for 
children,  like  that  of  Mrs.  Stowe  and  those  published  in 
England,  recount  only  those  parts  of  the  story  which  would 
appeal  to  a  child,  in  a  simple  manner  intended  for  entertain 
ment  and  instruction. 

The  list  of  translations  is  as  follows : 

(1)  1852.    Onkel  Tom,  oder  Negerleben  in  den  Nordameri- 
kanischen  Sklavenstaaten,  v.  H.  B.  Stowe,  nach  der 
lOten  Amerik.  AufL,  iibersetzt  v.  W.  E.  Drugulin.  Amer- 
ikanische  Bibliothek,  Bd.  9-12,  4  Bde.,  8°  (194;  196;  206; 
215s).    Leipzig,  Kollmann. 

Wilhelm  Edward  Drugulin  (1822-1879),  Buch-  u.  Kunst- 
handler  in  Leipzic.13  He  also  translated  Hildreth's  White 
Slave. 

(2)  1852.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  iibersetzt  von  F.  C.  Nord- 
stern,  8°,   6  Hfte.    1.  u.   2.  Abdr.   1852-1853.    Wien, 
Wenedikt. 

Nordstern  also  translated  The  White  Slave. 

(3)  1852.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Negerleben  in  den 
Sklavenstaaten  des  freien  Nordamerikas ;  von  H.  B. 
Stowe,  nach  der  lOten  engl.  original  Ausg.  freibearbei- 
tet  v.  Dr.  Ungewitter.    240s.    Leipzig,  Hartleben. 

13  Brockhaus,  Cow.  Lexikon. 


GERMAN  TRANSLATIONS  25 

Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte,  etc.,  in  deutscher  Auffassungs- 

weise  fiir  deutsche  Leser  bearb.  v.  Ungewitter; 

3.  Ausg.,  8°  m.  6.    Illustr.  (Holzschn.),  240s. 

1853,    Leipzig,    Wien    (gedr.) ;     Hartleben's 

Verlags-Expedition. 

Hartleben  advertises  this  edition  in  the  Allgemeine 
Zeitung,  Augsburg  (Beil.  331,  26  Nov.  1852)  as  follows: 
"Die  zweite  Auflage  von,  Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte  u.  s.  w.  von 
Ungewitter  iibersetzt.  Die  Verlagshandlung  ging  von  der 
Ansicht  aus  dass  dieses  wahrhaft  epochemachende  Werk 
sich  in  Deutschland  nur  dann  eines  so  glanzenden  Erfolges 
wie  in  Amerika  und  England  erfreuen  konne,  wenn  es  in 
einer  dem  deutschen  Sinne  und  dem  deutschen  Geschmacke 
anpassenden  Form;  das  heisst,  ohne  Schmalerung  seines 
wahrhaft  genialen  wesentlichen  Inhalts,  jedoch  mit 
Beseitigung  aller — bios  fiir  das  englische  dem  Schauplatze 
der  Begebenheiten  nahestehende  Publikum  berechneten — 
Weitschweifigkeiten — dargeboten  wird;  ebenso  sehr  war 
die  Verlagshandlung  iiberzeugt  dass  eine  so  schwierige 
die  genaueste  Yertrautheit  mit  den  Verhaltnissen 
erfordernde  Aufgabe  nur  von  einem  Manne  der  langere 
Zeit  in  Amerika  gelebt,  gliicklich  gelost  werden  konne.  Die 
Folge  hat  diese  Ansicht  glanzend  gerechtf ertigt ;  der 
rasche  Absatz  der  sehr  starken  ersten  Auflage  dieser  Bear- 
beitung  binnen  kaum  mehr  als  14  Tagen  spricht  wohl  am 
unzweideutigsten  fiir  deren  allgemeine  Verstandlichkeit  und 
Popular! tat" 

(4)  1852.     Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte,  aus  dem  Engl.  Allgemeine 
deutsche  Volksbibliothek.    Verlagshandlung  des  allge- 
meinen    deutschen    Volksschriftenvereins ;     Bd.     4-6; 
Jahrg.  5;  3  Bde.  8°  (219;  228;  203s).    Berlin,  Dessau. 

(5)  1852.     Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte,  oder  Sklavenleben  in  der 
Eepublik  Amerika;  gr.  8°,  357s.    Berlin,  Janke. 

(6)  1852.     Onkel  Tom's   Hiitte,   oder   Negerleben   in   den 
Sklavenstaaten  Amerikas,   aus   dem  Engl.   3  Aufl.   2 
Thle.  gr.  8°,  524s,  mit  6  Holzschn.    Berlin,  Albert  Sacco. 


26  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

(7)  1852.     OnJcel  Tom's  Hutte,  3  Bde.  650s.  Berlin,  Spring 
er's  Verlag. 

(8)  1852.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,    oder   Negerleben   in   den 
Sklavenstaaten    von    Nordamerika     mit    50     Illustr. 
(Holzschn.)  1  Aufl.  558s  (m.  eingedruckten  Holzschn.,  u. 

15  Holzschn.  Taf.),  gr.  8°,  1852.    2  Aufl.  u.  3  Aufl.,  gr. 
8°,  1853.    4  Aufl.  mit  Anmerkungen.    Vermehrte  Aufl., 
1854.    (XII  und  420s)  8°.    Leipzig,  Weber. 

(9)  1852    OnJcel   Tom's   Hutte,   oder   Negerleben  in   den 
Sklavenstaaten  von  Nordam.  mit  40  Illus.    Karlsruhe, 
Herder  ?sch.  Buchh. 

(10)  1852.    Sklaverei  in  dem  Lande  der  Freiheit,  oder  das 
Leben  der  Neger  in  den  Sklavenstaaten  Nordamerikas ; 
Nach  der  15  Aufl.  v.  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  mit  einem 
Vorworte.    4  Bde.  8°.     (XVI  866s) ;  dass.  4  Bde.  16°, 
508s,  1852 ;  dass.  3  Aufl.,  1853.    Leipzig,  D.  Wigand. 

(11)  1852.    OnJcel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  die  Geschichte  eines 
christlichen  Sklaven  v.  H.  B.  Stowe.    11  Bdchn.    16°, 
1852-3. 

Bde.  1871-1881,  das  belletristisches  Ausland,  hg.  Karl 
Spindler.  Kabinetsbibliothek  der  class.  Eomane  aller 
Nationen.  Stuttgart,  Frankh. 

(12)  1852.     OnJcel  Tom's  Hutte,  Bde.  7-8,  Neuer  Haus-  u. 
Familien-Schatz;  Erzahlungsbibliothek  fur  jedermann. 
2  Bde.  650s.    Wittenberg,  Mohr. 

(13)  1852.    Onkel  Tom's    Hutte,    Mannheimer  Unterhal- 
tungsblatt,   Belletristische   Beilage   zum   Mannheimer 
Journal.    1852,  Jahrg.,  5,  II,  No.  246,  15  Okt.  bis  No. 
303,  21  Dec. 

(14)  1853.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  die  Geschichte  eines 
christlichen  Sklaven,  aus  dem  Engl.  iibertragen  v.  L. 
Du  Bois,  3  Thle.  (176;  183;  312s).    Stuttgart,  Frankh. 
The  publisher  of  this   edition   advertises   in   the   All- 
gemeine  Zeltung,  Augsburg  (Ausserord.  Beil.  No.  351, 

16  Dec.,  1852),  as  follows: 


GERMAN  TRANSLATIONS  27 

"  'Onkel  Tom's  Hutte/  u.  s.  w.,  aus  dem  Englischen 
iibertragen  von  L.  Du  Bois — preis  6  Kreuzer. 

"Diese  Ubersetzung  welche  in  obiger  Ausgabe  dem 
Publikum  iibergeben  wird,  1st  nnter  alien  bisher  erschie- 
nenen,  die  geistvollste  und  beste,  well  sie  aus  der  Feder 
eines  Mannes  stammt,  der  aufs  innigste  vertraut  mit  dem 
englischen  und  amerikanischen  Volks-  und  Gesellschafts- 
leben  aller  Stande,  den  Beruf  hatte  die  zahlreichen  Uber- 
setzungs-Schwierigkeiten  dieses  bedeutenden  Buches 
namentlich  in  seinen  Volks-  und  Neger-Dialogen,  welche 
ein  grosser  Teil  der  iibrigen  Ubersetzer  nach  gewisser- 
massen,  nicht  einmal  richtig  verstand,  mit  Leichtigkeit  zu 
iiberwinden  und  das  reiche  Gemalde  lebensvoller  Charak- 
teristiken  und  spannender  Situationen  aufs  treueste  wie- 
derzugeben. ' ' 

(15)  1853.     Oheim  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  das  Leben  bei  den 
Niedrigen  iibersetzt  von  H.  R.   Hutten,  8°.     Boston 
(Cambridge),  U.  S.  A. 

(16)  1853.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Schilderungen  aus 
dem  Leben  in  den  Sklavenstaaten  Nordamerikas,  nach 
der  35ten  eng.  Aufl.  v.  J.  8.  Lowe.    2  Bde.  8°.     (XI  u. 
264;  224s.)     Hamburg,  Leipzig,  Kittler. 

(17)  1853.     Onkel   Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Negerleben  in  den 
Sklavenstaaten  Amerikas,  aus  dem  Engl.  mit  6  Holz- 
schn.  3  Bde.  (210;  189;  160s).  Berlin,  Brandis  (Falken- 
berg&Co.) 

(18)  1853.     Onkel   Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Negerleben   in   den 
Sklavenstaaten  Amerikas,  aus  dem  Engl.     3  Bde.  8°, 
mit   4   Holzschn.    (210;    189;    160s).     Berlin  (Davids 
Buchh.)     (Wesselmann  &  Co.) 

(19)  1853.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Leiden  der  Negerskla- 
ven  in  Amerika  von  Mrs.   Stowe.    Im  Auszuge   fur 
das    deutsche    Volk    bearbeitet.      55s    m.    1    Titelbild 
(Holzschn.),  16°.    Berlin,  Lassar. 


28  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

(20)  1853.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Sklavenleben  in  den 
Freistaaten  Amerikas,  aus  dem  Engl.    3  Thle.  1  u.  2 
Aufl.,  8°  (644s).    Berlin,  Schnitzer. 

(21)  1853.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Negerleben   in   den 
Sklavenstaaten  von  Amerika  mit  der  Biogr.  der  Ver- 
fasserin  und  einer  Vorrede  v.  E.  Burritt.   Vollstandige 
u.  wohlfeilste  Steriotypausg.  nebst  Portrait.  2  Bde.  gr. 
8°  (XVI  448s).    Leipzig,  Friedlein. 

(22)  1853.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Negerleben  in  den 
Sklavenstaaten  von  Amerika  v.  H.  Stowe,  geb.  Beecher, 
nach  20  amerik.  Ausg.  aus  dem  Engl.  nebst  der  neuen 
von  der  Verfasserin  eigene  fur  Europa  geschriebenen 
Vorrede.    Vollstandige  u.   s    w.     1-10    Aufl.    m.    16 
Holzschn.     (XVI  326s.) 

[1-8  Aufl.    10  ngr.;  9  u.  10  Aufl.     15  ngr.]     Leipzig, 
Friedlein. 

(23)  1853.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Sklaverei  im  Lande 
der  Freiheit.     3  Aufl.  mit  einer  original  Vorrede  der 
Frau  Verfasserin,  und  mit  einer  Einleitung  iiber  die 
Sklaverei.  16°,  4  Bde.  (XX  508s).  Leipzig,  D.  Wigand. 
This  may  be  the  same  as  No.  9  with  new  title. 

(24)  1853.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  nach  dem  Engl.   fur  die 
reifere  Jugend  bearb.  v.  Mor.  Gans  mit  11  Abbildungen 
in  Farbendruck.    Bd.  3,  Neues  Lese-Cabinet  fiir  die 
reifere  Jugend.    8°,  216s.    Pesth,  Heckernast's  Verlag. 

Moritz  Gans  von  Ludassy  (Komorn,  1829-1886  Keich- 
enau)  was  a  writer  of  novels  and  short  stories  especially  for 
young  people. 

(25)  1853.     Onkel   Tom's   Hutte,   fiir   Kinder   nach   dem 
Engl.  v.  Aug.  Hdrtel,  48s  mit  eingedr.  Holzschn.    Kin 
der  erzahlung  en, — illustrirte  fiir  Sommertage  u.  Winter- 
abende.    Bd.  2.    Leipzig,  Haendel. 


GERMAN  TRANSLATIONS  29 

(26)  1853.    Onkel    Tom's    Schicksal,    Erzahlung    fiir    die 
Jugend.     Fiir  deutsche  Jugend  bearb.  v.  Max  Schasler. 
2  Bdchn.  8°  (IV  348s),  6  Colorlith.  Hausbibliothek  der 
Jugend,  Bd.  1,  2.    hg.  v.  Hasselberg.    Berlin,  Hassel- 
berg. 

Dr.  Max  Schasler  [1819-1901  (!)]    was   a  well-known 
"  Aesthetiker"  and  founder  of  the  Deutsche  Kunst-Zeitung. 

(27)  1853.    Onkel    Tom's    Hutte,   oder   das    Leben    der 
Sklaven  in  Amerika,  nach  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  fiir 
die  Jugend  bearb.  v.  Leopold  Streich,  8°,  158s.  Streich 's 
Lesecabinet  fur  die  Jugend.    Berlin,  Faudel. 

(28)  1853.     Onkel   Tom's   Hutte,   Erzahlung   fiir   Kinder 
bearb.    Neues  Bilder-  u.  Lesebuch.    gr.  4°  m.  8  Illustr. 
in    Tondr.    20s    (colorirten    Lith.    m.    Tit  el  vignette). 
Niirnberg,  Lossbeck. 

(29)  1853.    Illustr ationen  zu  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  16  Blat 
ter  u.  Zeichnungen  v.  H.  Anelay,  m.  d.  Portrait  v.  H. 
Stowe,  nebst  einer  Vorrede  v.  Elihu  Burritt,  einer  Bio- 
graphie  der  Verfasserin,  und  erlaut.    Anmerk.  zu  On 
kel  Tom's  Hutte,  8°,  16s.     Leipzig,  Friedlein,  Zieger. 

(30)  1853.     Onkel     Tom,     Amerikan.     Zeitgemalde     mit 
Gesang  u.  Tanz  in  3  Abthlgn.  nebst  einem  Vorspiel, 
nach    Stowe 's  Onkel    Tom's    Hutte,   von    Therese    v. 
Megerle.     Theater-Repertoire,  Ifg.  26.     37s,    10    ngr. 
Wien,  Wallishauser's  Druckerei. 

(31)  1854.    Evangeline  und  Neger  Tom — aus  Onkel  Tom's 
Hutte,  ausgewahlt  fiir  die  liebe  Jugend  in  Haus  u. 
Schule  mit  Vorwort  v.  Karl  Mann,  gr.  8°  (VII   270s). 
Stuttgart,  Quack. 

(32)  1864.14     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Leben  unter  den 
Verstossenen,  nach  dem  Engl.  frei  bearb.  v.  Adolph 
Strodtmann,   gr.    8°,    271s.     Philadelphia,    U.    S.    A., 
Schafer  u.  Koradi. 


"Heinzius,  1864,  Kayser,  1874. 


30  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

It  is  probable  that  this  translation  first  appeared  in 
1853,  of  Mag.  fur  die  Lit.  des  Auslandes  (1853,  No.  68,  June 
7th). 

Adolf  Strodtmann  (1829-1879)  sailed  for  America  in 
1852  and  opened  a  bookstore,  publishing  house  and  lending 
library  in  Philadelphia.  This  business  he  gave  up  in  1854. 
He  published  Die  Locomotive,  in  which  work  he  was  aided 
by  Otto  v.  Corvin.  He  translated  skillfully,  and  in  easy 
flowing  language.  He  caught  the  spirit  of  the  language 
and  translated  idiomatically.  He  is  known  as  a  poet  and 
critic. 

(33)  1870.    Tom's  Hutte,  oder  das  Sklavenleben  in  Amer- 
ika,  fiir  die  Jugend  bearb.  v.  Wilh.  Kammerer,  mit  4 
Stahlst.,  8°,  116s.    Eegensburg,  Manz. 

(34)  1875.  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  frei  nach  dem  Eng.  v.  A. 
Eltze,  8°,  296s.    Berlin,  Janke. 

(35)  1875-1879.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder   Negerleben  in 
dem    Sklavenstaaten    von    Amerika    aus    dem  Engl. 
iibersetzt.  Universal  Bibliotliek,  Eeclam  jun.  No.  961- 
965;  550s.    Leipzig,  Eeclam. 

(36)  1880.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.  Erzahlung  aus  dem  f  ernen 
Westen  fiir  die  Jugend  bearb.  v.  Br.  Hoffmann,  m.  5 
farbendr.    Illustr.  nach  orig.  Zeichnungen  v.  C.  Koch. 
gr.  8°,  218s.    Leipzig,  Drewitz. 

(37)  1880.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  das  Sklavenleben  der 
Schwarzen  in  Amerika. 

Bd.     36     Christliche     Volksibliothek     Altottling 
(Bayern).    J.  Lutzenberger. 

(38)  1881.  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  nach  dem  Engl.  Orig.  neu 
bearbeitet.     8°,    320s.     1885,    8°    (IV    320s).     Berlin, 
Janke. 

(39)  1885.  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.  Erzahlung  aus  dem  f  ernen 
Westen  iibersetzt  und  bearbeitet  v.  C.  v.  Boeck  mit  1 
farbendr.  Illustr.  nach  orig.  Aquarelle,  v.  Marie  Koch, 
8°,  218s.    Berlin,  Drewitz. 


GERMAN  TRANSLATIONS  31 

C.  v.  der  Boeck  (1832-1893,  Berlin)  is  well  known  as  a 
writer  of  stories  for  the  young,  especially  in  "plattdeutsch." 
It  is  probable  that  he  translated  Uncle  Tom 's  Cabin  as  early 
as  1880,  as  this  date  is  given  to  the  translation  in  the  list 
of  his  works. 

(40)  1886.     Onkcl  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Negerleben   in    der 
Sklavenstaaten  von  Nord  Amerika,  neue  Ausg.     336s. 
Familien    Bibliothek    Calwer.     3    Aufl.,    1899.     320s. 
Calw.  Vereinsbuchh.,  Stuttgart. 

(41)  1888.     (1)  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  fur  Jugend  bearb.  v. 
M.  Jacobi.    8°,  172s;  mit  4   farbendr.     Bildern  nach 
Aquarellen  v.  G.  Grenz. 

(2)  1891,  dass.  nach  Aquarellen  v.  G.  Franz.    8°,  172s. 

(3)  1893,  dass.  mit  4  farbendr.  Bildern  v.   W.  Hoff 
mann.    3  Aufl.,  8°,  172s. 

(4)  1899. 

(5)  1901. 

(6)  1904,  same  as  (3). 
Stuttgart,  Thienemann. 

Margarethe  Jacobi  was  born  in  Konigsberg  in  Pr.,  and 
from  1884  has  been  a  translator  from  the  Italian,  French 
and  English.  She  lives  in  Cannstadt,  where  she  has  a 
1 '  pension "  for  girls.  The  translation  1897  is  a  new  work 
and  not  a  new  edition  of  the  one  in  1888. 

(42)  1894.     Onkel  Tom's  Ilutte.    Eine  Erzahlung  aus  dem 
Negerleben    in    den    Amerikanischen    Sklavenstaaten. 

Nach  H.  B.  Stowe  fur  die  Jugend  geschrieben.  Uber- 
setzt  von  Heinrich  Her  old  f  mit  5  farbendr.  Bildern  v. 
W.  Schafer.  12°.  1899,  12°  (72s  m.  5  farbendr.). 
Dums  Knabenbibliothek.  Wesel,  W.  Diims. 

Heinrich  Her  old  (1863-  )  is  a  school  inspector  and 
writer  of  pedagogical  works  in  Westphalia.  He  also  edits 
the  " Boys'  Library. " 


32  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEEMANY 

(43)  1897.    OnJcel  Tom's  Hutte,  neu  iibersetzt  v.  Margarethe 
Jacobi  mit  112  Illustr.  u.  1  farbendr.    Bild.  gr.  8°,  614s. 
geb.  in  Leinw.  M.  7 — .    Erschien  auch  in  20  Lfgn.,  a  M. 
30—1898;  1899,  3  Aufl.    Deutsche  Verlagsanstalt,  Stutt 
gart. 

(44)  1897.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  nach  dem  Engl.    Original 
bearb.  v.  H.  Trescher.  342s,  No.  1098-1102  Bibliothek  der 
Gesammtliteratur    des   In-    u.    Auslandes.     Halle    0 
Hendel. 

H.   Trescher   (1849-1891    (?)  )   was  a  journalist  and 
writer  of  short  stories. 

(45)  1898.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  oder  Negerleben  in  den 
Sklavenstaaten  in  Amerika.     8°,  240s.     Illustriert  v. 
Pet.  Geh.    Berlin,  Fz.  Schulze. 

1902,  dass.  m.  5  (3  farbendr.)  Taf.  Berlin,  E.  Gahl. 

(46)  1898.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  fiir  die  Jugend  bearb.  v. 
Marie  v.  Felseneck.    8°,  (160s,  m.  4  farbendr.).    Berlin, 
A.  Weichert. 

Marie  v.  Felsenek  und  WilJielm  Forster  are  the 
pseudonyms  used  by  Frl.  Maria  L.  Mancke  (Leip 
zig,  1847—)  in  Berlin.  She  began  her  career  as  a  teacher  in 
Leipzic,  then  wrote  sketches  for  the  newspapers,  and  since 
1893  her  greater  works  have  appeared,  all  of  which  are 
juvenile  literature. 

(47)  1898.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  nach  der  original  Erzah- 
lung  fiir  die  Jugend;  v.  Gustav  Heine  mit  5  autotyp. 
nach  Originalen  von  Karl  Muller.    gr.  8°,  222s. 

1903,  neue  Ausg.  8°,  208s.    Berlin,  H.  J.  Meidinger. 

(48)  1899.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  fiir  die  Jugend  bearb.  v. 
Klaus  Bernhard.    8°,  80s,  m.  4  Farbendr.     Stuttgart, 
G.  Wiese. 


GERMAN  TRANSLATIONS  66 

(49)  1900.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,   das  weltberiihmte   Buch 
iiber  das  Elend  der  Negersklaven  (v.  H.   B.    Stowe) ; 
neu  iibersetzt  v.  Hildung  Andrae  Massenausg.    12°, 
555s.    Verlag  der  akadem.  Buchh.  W.  Faber  &  Co.  Ber 
lin,  Westend. 

(50)  1901.    Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.    Eine  Erzahlung  fur  die 
Jugend  nach  H.  B.  Stowe,  neu  bearbeitet  mit  4  Voll- 
bildern  u.  18  Federzeichnungen  v.  Alb.  Geyer.     8°,  239s. 
1904  neue  Ausg.  M.  2.50. 

1904  neue  Ausg.  Volksaufl.  M.  1.50.    Leipzig,  Abel  u. 
Miiller. 

(51)  1903.     Onkel    Tom's    Hutte,    unter    Mitwirkung    v. 
Munchgesang,  neu  bearbeitet  v.  0.  Hoffman.    8°,  124s, 
m.  Abb.  u.  Farbendr.    Stuttgart,  W.  Nitzsche. 

(52)  1904.     Onkel   Tom's  Hutte,  bearbeitet  von   G.  Rei- 
chard.    8°,  223s,  m.  Abb.  u.  Farbendr.    Berlin,  Verlag 
Jugendhort. 

(53)  1904.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  neu  bearbeitet  v.  U.  Ment- 
zel.    8°,  96s.    Berlin,  Verlag  Jugendhort. 

(54)  1905.     Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  frei  nach  dem  Engl.  bear 
beitet  v.  E.  v.  Feilitzsch,  8°,  224s.    Volksausg.  M.  1.50. 
Prachtausg.  Kunstdr.  Beil.  M.  2 — . 

Frl.  Emmy  v.  Feilitzsch  is  a  translator  of  English  and 
French  works  in  Augsburg. 

(55)  1906.     Onkel    Tom's    Hutte,    nach    Harriet    Beecher 
Stowe  fur  die  Jugend  bearb.  v.  Rud.  Reichardt.    gr.  8°, 
24s,  m.  5  farbendr.    Berlin,  Globus  Verlag. 

(56)  1906.     Onkel    Tom's    Hutte,   nach   Harriet    Beecher 
Stowe  fur  die  Jugend  bearb.  m.  4  Bunt.-  u.  32  Text- 
Bildern  v.  Willy  Planck  iibers.  v.  Peter  sen  (Geo.  Pay- 
sen).    8°    (VII    150s),  dass.  m.  32  Textbildern  v.  W. 
Planck,  Volksausg.    8°  (VII-1508),,  2  Aufl.  1906.    Stutt 
gart,  Loewe. 


tfMIVERSITY 

Of 


34  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

(57)  1907.     Onkel     Tom's    Hiitte  (v.     Harriet      Beecher 
Stowe),    oder   Negerleben   in    den   Sklavenstaaten   v. 
Anierika;  bearb.  v.  Otto  Zimmermann.     8°,  298s.  Leip 
zig,  0.  Spamer. 

(58)  1908.     Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte,  v.  H.  B.  Stowe  iibersetzt 
und  fiir  die  Jugend  bearbeitet  v.  Wilh.  Lehr.    Mit  Titel- 
bild  v.  E.  Fiedler,     kl.  8°,  96s.     In  1001  Erzahlungen 
fiir  Jung  und  Alt.    Berlin,  H.  Hilger. 

Editions  in  other  languages  published  in  Germany: 

(1)  1852.     Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  by  Harriet  Beecher-Stowe, 
with  a  new  preface  expressly  written  for  this  edition, 
authorized  for  the  continent  of  Europe.  2  vols.,  No.  243, 
244.      Collection    of    British    Authors.     Leipzig,     B. 
Tauchnitz. 

(2)  1889.     Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  a  Tale  of  Life  among  the 
Lowly.     8°,  382s.     Leipzig,  Gressner  u.  Schramm. 

(3)  1895,  1898,  1902.    Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  Modern  English 
for  Schools.  Biogr.  Sketch  and  Notes,  by  Heinr.  Saure. 
vocab.  (also  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy,  by  F.  H.  Burnett). 
Vol.  I  of  Modern  English  Authors,  ed.  by  H.  Saure.    8°. 
Berlin,  F.  A.  Herbig. 

(4)  1853.     Abrege  de  PHistoire  de  Poncle  Tom  a  Pusage  de 
la  jeunesse.     212s.     Vol.    XXIV.    Bibliotheque   petite 
francaise  au  choix  des  meilleurs  ouvrages  de  la  litera 
ture  moderne  a  I' usage  de  la  jeunesse,  suivi  d'un  ques- 
tionaire  par  Mme.  A.  Bree.    Leipzig,  Baumgartner. 

Translations  of  the  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin: 

(1)  1853.  Schlussel  zu  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  enthaltend  die 
Original-Tatsachen  und  Beweisstiicke,  auf  welche  die 
Erzahlung  gegriindet  ist,  nebst  neuen  Darlegungen, 
welche  die  Wahrheit  des  Werkes  bekraf  tigen.  Aus  dem 
Engl.  8°,  4  Thle.  (XXX,  591s).  Berlin,  Duncker  u. 
Humblot. 


NOTICES  AND  REVIEWS  35 

(2)  1853.    Schlussel  zu  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  u.  s.  w.    Leip 
zig,  Fock. 

(3)  1853.    Schlussel  zu  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  u.  s.  w.    Bd.  5. 
Neue  Volksbibliothek,  hg.  v.  Aug.  Schrader.    8°.    Leip 
zig,  Friedlein. 

(4)  1853.    Schlussel  zu  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  u.  s.  w.     8°, 
448s.    Leipzig,  Zieger. 

1853.    Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.    Vols.  266-267.    Col 
lection  of  British  Authors.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz. 

III.    NOTICES  AND  EEVIEWS. 
1.     Circulating  Libraries'  and  Publishers'  Notices. 

"Wer  hatte  nicht  Stowe's  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte  gelesen! 
Das  Aufsehen  welches  das  Buch  gemacht  ist  einzig!"15 
This  seems  to  be  the  opinion  of  the  majority  of  the  news 
papers  and  journals  of  Germany.  The  lending  libraries 
advertised  the  book  in  their  latest  accession. 

"Leihbibliothek  von  Gustav  Oehler,  Onkel  Tom's 
Hutte."™ 

' '  Leihbibliothek  von  Wilhelm  Meek  in  Konstanz,  Onkel 
Tom's  Hutte. "17 

One  reader  waited  impatiently  for  another  to  finish, 
and  the  volumes  soon  became  so  dilapidated  that  new  ones 
were  bought  to  replace  them.  Hardly  any  novel  has  had  so 
great  a  popularity  as  this — surely  no  American  novel — is 
the  testimony  of  librarians.  Booksellers  and  publishers  say 
that  new  editions  could  not  be  printed  rapidly  enough  to 
supply  the  demand.  An  average  of  4,000,000  to  5,000,000 
books  were  produced  in  Germany  in  a  year  says  Unterhal- 
tungen  am  Hduslichen  Herd,18  and  in  20-25,000  copies  was 
Uncle  Tom  scattered. 


15  Allgem.  Zeitung,  Augsb.,  1852,  No.  351,  Dec. 

"Intell.  Blatt  d.  fr.  Stadt.  Fkft.  2  Beil.  No.  237,  6  Oct.,  1852. 

1T  Konstanzer  Zeitung,  1852,  Beil.  307. 

18 1854,  No.  46,  p.  735. 


36  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

Hartleben  in  Leipzig  gives  to  the  public  the  following 
notice : 

"Diesen  ausserordentlichen  Erfolg  konnten  wir  bei  der 
ungeheueren  Concurrenz  von  deutschen  Ausgaben  nicht  vor- 
sehen,  weshalb  mehrere  Bestellungen  nicht  expedirt  werden 
konnten.  Aus  dieser  Verlegenheit  hat  uns  die  Sommer  'sche 
Druckerei  in  Wien  geholfen,  welche  diese  zweite  Ausgabe 
(15  Bogen)  binnen  3  Tagen  durch  Anstellung  von  10  Setz- 
ern  in  Beihilfe  eines  Teiles  ihrer  8  durch  Dampfkraft  ge- 
triebenen  Schnellpressen  hergestellt  hat.  Es  ist  nun  wieder 
ein  hinreichender  Vorrat  auf  unserem  Leipziger  Lager,  um 
jede  Bestellung  sogleich  expediren  zu  konnen."19 

In  "Europa"20  we  read  that  "Onkd  Tom's  Hutte  wird 
bald  in  den  Handen  aller  Menschenfreunde  sein";  and  We 
ber,  the  publisher,  in  Leipzig  advertises  the  book  as  the 
most  famous  of  the  day.21  A  notice  of  the  Tauchnitz  edition 
expresses  the  usual  wonder  at  the  great  popularity  of  the 
book,  and  adds : 

' '  Es  versichert  uns  ein  glaubwiirdiger  Buchhandler  aus 
der  zuverlassigsten  Quelle,  dass  in  Deutschland  einige  zwan- 
zig  Ubersetzungen  erschienen  oder  angekiindigt  sind.  Et- 
was  zu  diesem  Erfolg  tragt  freilich  die  krankhafte  Neigung 
zu  graulichen  Dingen  bei ;  im  Allgemeinen  aber  hat  er  doch 
eine  solide  Grundlage;  er  beruht  auf  einer  gerechten  sitt- 
lichen  Entriistung.  "22 

Of  the  two  translations  into  German,  which  were  pub 
lished  in  America,  the  one  by  Adolf  Strodtmann  is  the  best, 
from  the  point  of  view  of  language — and  naturally  so,  when 
we  consider  that  Strodtmann  was  a  critic  and  poet  as  well 
as  translator ;  but  it  was  not  recognized  by  Mrs.  Stowe,  be 
cause  it  was  made  without  her  permission.  Thus  it  is  evi- 


19  Allgem.  Zeitung,  Augsb.  1852,  Beil.  331,  26  Nov. 
20 1852,  No.  92,  11  Nov.,  p.  735. 

21  Allgem.  Zeitung,  1852,  No.  495,  Dec.  25,  p.  416. 

22  Grenzhoten,  1852,  IV,  p.  317. 


NOTICES  AND  REVIEWS  37 

dent  that  the  " Schwarmerei  fiir  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin",  as 
Eudolf  Gottschall23  calls  the  popularity  of  the  book,  also 
affected  the  Germans  in  America. 

2.    Newspaper  Comments  and  Critical  Reviews. 

In  the  perusal  of  the  newspapers  of  the  years  1852  and 
following,  we  find  a  host  of  short  notices  of  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin.  Nearly  every  discussion  of  social  conditions,  in 
which  a  reference  is  made  to  slavery,  mentions  the  book. 
The  notices  in  English  papers  were  translated  and  copied 
over  and  over  again.  Reports  of  the  great  sale  and  demand 
of  the  book,  sketches  of  the  author's  life,  descriptions  of  her 
personal  appearance,  and  notes  on  her  journey  to  England 
and  the  Continent  abound. 

"Die  Verfasserin  von  Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte  kommt  zum 
Besuch  nach  England.  Wenn  sie  auch  einen  Abstecher  nach 
dem  Continent  macht,  wollen  ihre  sammtliche  Ubersetzer 
als  Vorspann  iiber  den  Canal  dienen!"24 

Some  of  the  notices  are  favorable  and  appreciative, 
some  sarcastic  and  ironical,  and  all  recognize  the  power  of 
the  writer  and  the  influence  of  her  work.  An  example  of 
both  favorable  and  unfavorable  criticism  will  serve  to  illus 
trate  this,  as  follows : 

"Vielleicht  sind  die  Grausamkeiten,  welche  in  Onkel 
Tom's  Hiitte  berichtet,  vereinzelt  da  und  dort  vorgekom- 
men,  aber  die  blind-fantastische  Schriftstellerin  hat  daraus 
ein  literarisches  Monstrum  geballt,  und  in  eine  verhangniss- 
volle  Frage  die  giftigste  Bitterkeit  gebracht."25 

In  an  entirely  different  tone  is  the  following  short 
criticism : 

"Das  Buch  ist  politisch-geistlicher  Tendenz.  Die  un- 
geheuere  Sensation  welche  diese  Schilderungen  der  Greuel 
des  Sklaventums  in  den  freien  Vereinigten  Staaten  machen 


23  Blatter  fiir  lit.  Unterh.,  1853,  I,  No.  2,  Jan.  8,  p.  35. 

"Preuss.  Zeitung,  1853,  No.  10,  Jan.  13. 

*Mannh.  Unterh.  Blatt.,  1855,  II,  No.  295,  299,  Dec.  12,  17. 


38  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

musste,  1st  erklarlich  und  entschuldigt  den  Mangel  an  Zu- 
sammenhang,  in  dem  es  fast  mehr  aneinander  gelegte  als 
ineinander  verflochtene  Scenen  bietet.  *  *  *  Wir  kon- 
nen  es  in  jedes  Haus  empfehlen,  da  es  in  echt  christlichem 
Geist  geschrieben  ist.  Evangeline  und  ihren  Tod  kann  man 
ein  wirklich  christliches  Bild  nennen." 

The  Mannheimer  Unterhaltungsblatt  published  the 
story  as  a  serial  from  1852  No.  246  Oct.  15,  to  No.  303  Dec.  21, 
with  the  following  announcement:  "Wir  teilen  hiermit  un- 
sern  Lesern  den  beriihmtesten  Eoman  mit,  welcher  seit  vie- 
len  Jahren  erschien.  Kein  Buch  hat  in  diesem  Jahrhunderte 
solches  Aufsehen  erregt  wie  dieser  amerikanische  Eoman, 
der  an  Naturwahrheit  alle  anderen  Eomane  ubertrifft. ' ' 

We  could  continue  to  quote  notices  and  references  to 
the  author  and  her  work,  but  these  examples  suffice  to  show 
how  much  the  public  mind  was  occupied  with  the  story  and 
how  deep  an  impression  it  made. 

Eevieivs  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  appeared  in  the  literary 
journals  and  magazines  shortly  after  its  appearance  in 
translation,  and  they  present  some  interesting  criticism  on 
the  subject,  its  treatment  and  the  characters. 

Eudolf  Gottschall  in  Blatter  fur  literarische  Unterhal- 
tung,2*  criticizes  the  book  fairly  from  the  point  of  view  of 
literary  value : 

"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  kann  wenigstens  keinen  Anspruch 
darauf  machen  ein  Kunstwerk  zu  sein  and  ein  vorwiegend 
asthetisches  Interesse  zu  beschaftigen  und  zu  befriedigen. 
Die  Handlung  hat  sogar  keine  concentrischen 
Kreise,  keinen  Mittelpunkt;  es  sind  zwei  Handlungen  die 
parallel  nebeneinander  herlaufen."  *  *  *  Whereupon 
he  sketches  the  story  and  adds : 

"Die  Fabel  ist  spannend.  Mrs.  Stowe  versteht  zu  er- 
zahlen  und  fur  ihre  Gestalten  zu  interessiren." 

The  treatment  of  the  slave-question  he  discusses  in  the 
following : 


1852,  No.  2,  p.  35-6,  Jan.  8. 


NOTICES  AND  REVIEWS 


39 


"Eine  Frau  bemachtigt  sich  dieser  Frage,  schildert  in 
lebendiger,  drama!  ischer  Wirklichkeit  das  Leben  der 
Sk la ven,  riihrt  mid  ergreift  durch  geschickt  angelegte  Sce- 
nen,entwickeltmit  einer  an  Baffinement  grenzenden  Scharfe 
Alles  was  die  Gemiither  der  Sache  der  Unterdriickten 
giinstig  stimmen  imd  gegen  das  harte  Gesetz  und  seine  oft 
rohen  Vollstrecker  emporen  kann,  *  Mrs.  Stowe 

hat  das  Anathem  der  Hunianitat  auf  die  Sklavengesetze 
geschleudert ;  sie  hat  ihr  Werk  mit  der  Begeisterung  eines 
edeln  Herzens  geschrieben. " 

In  conclusion  Gottschall  gives  as  his  opinion  of  the 
book: 

"Bin  Baustein  zu  sein  am  Tempel  der  Humanitat,  das 
ist  das  dauernde  Yerdienst  des  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  und  in 
diesem  Sinne  mag  es  uns  in  Deutschland  willkommen  sein." 
The  Allgemeine  Zeitung  discusses  the  subject  of 
slavery  in  America  and  speaks  with  enthusiasm  of  Uncle 
Tom. 

"Wir  haben  seit  langer  Zeit  kein  Buch  gelesen  das  uns 
so  tief  ergriffen,  so  anhaltend  gefesselt  hatte  wie,  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin  von  Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe;  wir  iibersehen  so 
manche  Unebenheiten  der  Sprache  iiber  der  tiefen  Natur- 
wahrheit,  welche  in  diesem  Buche  von  Anfang  bis  zu  Ende 
waltet.  Die  Abolitionist  en-Partei  in  den  Vereinigten 
Staaten  kann  der  Verfasserin  eine  Biirgerkrone  votiren; 
demi  eine  machtigere  Bundesgenossin  als  Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe 
und  ihren  Roman  hatte  sie  nicht  bekommen  konnen.  Dieser 
Roman  verdient  die  ungeheuere  Popularitat  die  er  so  rasch 
in  zwei  Weltteilen,  in  Europa  wie  in  seiner  Heimat  erlangt 
hat;  denn  aus  dem  Leben  gegrifTen,  greift  er  wieder  tief  ins 
Leben  hinein." 

Of  the  characters  the  critic  says : 

''Welch  eine  der  grossartigsten  Dramas  wiirdige  Hel- 
dengestalt  ist  dieser  Georg!" 

"  Allgem.  Zeitung,  Augsb.  1852,  Beil.  No.  281,  7  Oct.,  282,  8  Oct. 


40  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEBMANY 

And  of  St.  Claire: 

"Dieser  Character  1st  ausserordentlich  instmctiv;  wie 
iiberhaupt  die  meisterhafte  Schilderung  des  Lebens  auf  St. 
Clare's  iippigreichen  Besitzungen  beweist  wie  die  Ver- 
fasserin  mit  der  feinsten  und  umfassendsten  Kenntniss  der 
Menschen  und  der  Gesellschaft  im  allgemeinen,  zugleich 
ein  Fond  von  Phantasie  und  Poesie  vereinigt,  der  sie  den 
bedeutedsten  Dichtern  der  neuern  Zeit  an  die  Seite  stellt." 

Of  Eva  and  Topsy : 

" Welch'  eine  reizende  Gestalt  ist  diese  kleine  'Evan- 

gelina',    ein    wirklicher    Evangelist    in    Kinderkleidchen ! 

Ein  Seitenstiick  zu  diesem  atherischen  Kinde,  bil- 

det  die  gnomenartige  Gestalt  der  kleinen  Topsy.    Sie  ist  die 

mngekehrte  Mignon." 

Finally  the  reviewer  concludes,  after  remarks  upon  the 
question  of  slavery,  with  the  words: 

"Dieser  Eoman  kommt  uns  wie  ein  Mahnzeichen  der 
neuen  an  die  alte  Welt  vor. ' ' 

In  Minerva28  we  find  a  review,  over  fifty  pages  in 
length,  which  discusses  in  detail  political  affairs  in  Amer 
ica  and  relates  the  story  of  the  book  with  some  criticism. 
Of  the  general  impression  of  the  book  the  writer  says : 

"Es  fehlt  dem  Buche  der  Mrs.  Stowe  an  Einheit 
aber  was  kiimmert  sie  sich  um  Kunst,  Literatur, 
Einheit  der  Composition ;  ihr  Buch  ist  ganz  anderer  Zwecke 
wegen  geschrieben. " 

Another  critic  says  :29 

"Mrs.  Stowe  wird  uns  fortan  schon  ein  herzgewonnener 
Name  bleiben,  weil  ihr  Buch  so  ausserordentlich  reich  ist  an 
den  lieblichsten  Charakterziigen  und  den  riihrendsten  Situ- 
ationen.  Sie  hat  verstanden  der  ganzen  gesitte- 

ten  Welt,  die  Leiden  der  Neger  an's  Herz  zu  legen." 

One  critic  says  Mrs.  Stowe  does  not  solve  the  problem 


28  Minerva,  ein  Journal  fur  Geschichte,  PolitiTc  n.  Literatur,  v.  Dr.  Friedrich 
Bran,  Jena,  1852,  IV,  p.  267-321. 

29  Unterh.  am  Hausl.  Herd,  Gutzkow,  ]  853,  No.  7,  p.  1  ff. 


NOTICES  AND  REVIEWS  41 

which  she  vividly  describes — but  others  agree  that  this  was 
not  her  purpose.30 

Two  reviews  consider  the  book  more  a  hindrance  than 
a  help  to  the  cause  of  anti-slavery;  one  calls  the  author  a 
writer  of  an  "empfindsamen  Koman"  and  the  whole  work 
1 '  empfindendes  Stowethum";  the  other  says  she  tears  open 
the  half-healed  wounds  of  the  South  instead  of  pouring  oil 
upon  them;31  yet  neither  can  deny  her  talent  as  shown  in 
the  work. 

A  writer  for  the  Freiburger  Zeitung*2  gives  a  different 
opinion  of  the  book : 

"Das  Buch  ist  aus  einem  edlen,  frommen  Frauen-  und 
Mutterherzen  hervorgegangen  *  *  *  und  es  ist  eins  der 
erhebendsten  Zeichen  der  Zeit,  dass  ein  solches  Buch  sich 
rasch  einen  so  universellen  Leserkreis  sichern  konnte.  Nur 
eine  Frau  und — abgesehen  davon  dass  es  sich  zunachst  um 
amerikanische  Zustande  handelt — vielleicht  nur  eine  Ameri- 
kanerin,  die  sich  auf  einer  festen  religiosen  Basis  mit  um  so 
grosserer  Sicherheit  und  Unabhangigkeit  bewegen  kann, 
mochte  das  Buch  haben  schreiben  konnen." 

The  general  opinion  of  all  the  reviewers  and  critics  is 
that  the  book  is  unique,  and  because  of  that  fact  and  because 
of  its  political  and  social  "tendenz"  it  was  bound  to  be  circu 
lated  and  read,  and  it  left  behind  a  picture  of  the  black  race, 
which  could  not  be  banished.  The  negro  characters  are  con 
sidered  by  all  well  drawn,  and  to  form  a  "gallery  of  black 
faces".33  Those  of  the  slave  traders  are  wondered  at  and 
by  some  thought  to  be  unusual,  but  their  truth  to  nature  is 
not  doubted.  Mr.  Shelby  and  Mr.  St.  Clare  are  recognized 
as  types  of  slave  owners  in  the  South,  who  had  not  the 
moral  courage  to  free  their  slaves.  Mrs.  St.  Clare  is  thought 
to  be  a  type  of  woman  not  restricted  to  the  Southern  States 
of  America,  but  found  in  every  circle  of  society.  Miss 

80  Morgenblatt  fiir  gelildete  Leser,  1853,  No.  19,  p.  449-451,  Mar.  8. 
n  Neue  Preuss.  Zeitung,  1852,  No.  279,  Dec.  1. 
83 1853,  No.  52,  2  Mar.,  p.  205-6,  "Frau  B.  St.  u.  ihre  Familie." 
"  Gottschall,  Bl.  f.  lit.  Unterh.,  1853,  No.  2,  p.  35  ff. 


42  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

Ophelia  is  the  Puritan.  Uncle  Tom  is  the  negro  preacher, 
while  little  Eva  is  dwelt  upon  by  all  as  a  poetical  figure— a 
"Mignon",  and  Topsy  as  her  opposite.  The  broadminded 
and  intelligent  readers  recognized  the  power  of  the  book  in 
the  cause  of  freedom,  while  those  soured  by  discouragement 
and  disappointment  regarded  it  jealously  as  an  intruder, 
and  criticised  the  public  taste ;  but  the  public,  sympathetic 
and  liberty-loving,  felt  the  deep  earnestness  of  purpose  of 
the  writer,  which  appealed  to  their  best  motives. 

IV.     "UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN",  IN  POETRY  AND  Music. 

A  novel  which  has  great  circulation  and  popularity,  fre 
quently  has  influence  which  shows  itself  in  further  develop 
ment  in  poetry,  music  or  the  drama. 

In  the  Badische  Landeszeitung,  1853,  No.  47,  February 
25,  we  find  the  following  verses : 

"Hat  es  je  solclie  Kinder  gegeben,  wie  Eva!  Ja;  doch 
ihre  Namen  stehen  immer  auf  Grabmalerei ! " — Onkel  Tom's 
Hutte. 

1.  Evangeline !  tausend,  tausend  Griisse 
Send'  ich  Dir  nach  in  Deine  Lichtgefilde ; 
Mein  Herz,  verweilend  gern  bei  Deinem  Bilde, 
Erkennt  und  liebt  in  jedem  Zug  Luise ! 

2.  Du  Wesen  eins,  der  fleckenlosen,  reinen, 
Die  eingehiillt  in  iiberird'sche  Schone — 
So  duftig  sind  und  zart  dass  alle  Tone 

Und  Farben  dieser  Welt  nicht  wiirdig  scheinen ; 

3.  Sie  zu  besingen,  oder  sie  zu  malen— 
Erscheinung  voller  Hohheit,  wie  voll  Siisse, 
Evangeline  Du  und  Du  Luise ! 

Umgeben  nun  von  ew'ger  Glorie  Strahlen. 

4.  Luise,  theures  Kind  Du  meiner  Seele ! 
Evangeline,  Kind  der  fernen  Zone, 

Ihr,  liebend  nun  vereint  vor  Gottes  Throne — 
Zu  meinen  Engeln  ich  Euch  Beide  wahle. 


UNCLE  TOM  's  CABIN  IN  POETRY  AND  MUSIC  43 

5.  Luise  Du  und  Du  Evangeline, 

Aus  Licht  und  Duft  gewobene  Gestalten, 
Die  arme  Erde  konnte  Euch  nicht  halten, 
Sie— aller  Schonheit,  alles  Gfiicks  Ruine ! 

6.  Wir  weinen  und  wir  klageu;  denn  wir  nennen 
Es  sterben,  wenn  ein  Engel  zieht  von  hinnen, 
Ach !  an  der  Aussenwelt  hangt  unser  Sinnen— 
Wio  sollten  wir  denn  Euren  Himmel  kennen? 

In  the  "Frankfurter  Theater  Almanack,  herausgegeben 
von  Ernst  Gotzler  fur  1854,  Frankfurt  am  Main",  we  find  a 
humorous  poem,  by  Moritz  Gottlieb  Saphir  (1795-1858), 
entitled 

Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte. 

Heisa,  juchheisa !  Heisasasa  ! 

Da  sind  wir  im  gottlichen  Amerika ! 

Wandert  bin,  wandert  hiniiber,  wandert  aus ! 

Dort  lobt  man  frei,  dort  lebt  man  im  Saus! 

Dort  gibt's  keine  Haslinger,  keinen  Stock! 

Dort  gibt's  keinen  Priigel,  keinen  Block; 

Dort  b ranch t  man  keinen  Heimatsschein, 

Dort  regiert  bios  die — die  Peitsche  allein! 

Welch'  freies  Volk!  Welcher  Schwung! 

Die  Peitsche  schwingt  dort  Alt  und  Jung ! 

Das  ist  ein  Volk !  so  frei  und  so  brav ! 

Mit  Fiissen  getreten  wird  nur — der  Sklav'! 

Das  ist  ein  Volk!  dort  gibt's  Menschenrecht! 

Mit  Fiissen  getreten  wird  nur — der  Knecht ! 

Wie  schmeckt  clem  freien  Mann'  die  Zigarre  im  Mund; 

Wenn  er  den  Sklaven  dabei  ziichtigt  wie  den  Hund, 

Dem  Nasenstiiber  entflieht  einzig  der  Deutsche; 

Und  findet  dort  driiben  lieblich — die  Peitsche! 

Of  the  literary  quality  of  these  verses  we  will  not  speak. 
They  simply  show  the  wide-spread  interest  in  the  book  and 
its  subject. 

The  following  ballad,  entitled  Elisa,  by  Georg  Linley, 
may  be  a  translation  from  English,34  but  we  believe  it  to  be 
original  in  this  form : 


"Illustr.  Zeitung,  1852,  II,  No.  491,  p.  349,  Nov.  27. 


44  UNCLE  TOM^S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

1.  Die  Mutter,  ihr  Kind  im  Anne, 
Springt  verzweif elnd  in  den  Fluss ; 
Das  Knablein  ihren  Hals  umschlingt, 
Das  Eis  kracht  unterm  Fuss ; 

Die  wilden  Wogen  rauschen  schrill, 
Doch  vom  Geschick  bedroht 
Dass  man  das  Kind  ihr  rauben  will, 
1st  siisser  ihr  der  Tod, 
1st  siisser  ihr  der  Tod. 

Eef rain :  Sie  weiss,  dass  Gott  im  Himmel  thront 
Und  Er  sie  nicht  vergisst, 
Und  Mutterlieb'  im  Herzen  wohnt, 
Wiewol  sie  Sklavin  ist. 
Und  Mutterlieb'  im  Herzen  wohnt, 
Wiewol  sie  Sklavin  ist. 

2.  Ohnmachtig,  wanken  Schritts 

Erreicht  sie  das  erwiinschte  Land ; 
Ein  heisser  Thranenstrom  bezeigt, 
Dass  sie  an  sicheren  Strand. 
Sie  driickt  ihr  Knablein  an  ihr  Herz— 
Doch  wohin  kann  sie  nun? 
Wo  findet  sich  ein  Freund?  0  Schmerz, 
Wo  soil  die  Arme  ruh'n? 
Wo  soil  die  Arme  ruh  'n  ? 
Refrain — as  above. 

This  ballad  is  given  with  the  music  in  the  Illustrirte 
Zeitung,  and  is  advertised  by  Weber  in  Leipzig  as  one  of 
the  "Gesange  zu  Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte,  Lieder  und  Balla- 
den  mit  Pianofortebegleitung  von  Georg  Linley.  Inhalt: 
1,  Elisa;  2,  Georg;  3,  Evangeline;  4,  Eva.  Wie  die  Bilder 
zu  diesem  die  ganze  civilisirte  Welt  aufregenden  Eomane 
die  Gestalten  und  Scenen  desselben  illustriren,  so  diese  Lie 
der,  die  Gefiihle.  Der  Componist  hat  damit  nicht  als  ge- 
lehrter  Musiker  glanzen;  er  hat  die  einfachen  aber  tiefen 
Empfindungen  des  Naturmenschen  im  Volkston  ausdriicken 
wollen,  und  das  ist  ihm  vortrefflich  gelungen.  Wer  nur 
etwas  Stimme  und  Musikkenntniss  hat,  kann  die  Melodien 
vom  Blatt  singen;  wer  nur  etwas  Klavier  spielt,  kann  die 


UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  ON  THE  STAGE  45 

Begleitung  ebenso  leicht  dazu  ausfiihren.  Alle  aber,  die 
diese  Lieder  horen,  miissen  auf's  tiefste  da  von  ergriffen 
werden.  Wie  der  Eoman  in  einer  bisher  beispiellosen  Weise 
sich  bereits  verbreitet  hat,  und  die  Tausende  von  Neuer- 
schienenen  Exemplaren  im  Augenblicke  wieder  von  dem 
Publikum  verschlungen  werden,  so  werden  auch  diese  Lie 
der  dazu  ihres  bedeutenden  Interesses,  ihrer  leichten  Aus- 
fiihrlichkeit  und  ihres  tiefen,  in's  Herz  dringenden  Aus- 
drucks  wegen  eine  Verbreitung  finden,  wie  wohl  auch  im 
Gebiete  der  Musik  noch  kein  Beispiel  vorhanden  sein 
mochte. ' ' 

These  ballads  show  to  what  extent  the  interest  of  the 
public  was  given  to  Uncle  Tom.  Not  only  in  ballad  form 
was  music  used  to  illustrate  Uncle  Tom — or  perhaps  in  this 
case  Uncle  Tom  was  an  illustration  to  the  music!  F. 
L.  Schubert,  a  writer  of  popular  music,  published  three 
"polkas"  entitled,  1,  Topsy,  I  came  from  Alabama;  2,  Elisa, 
When  I  libd  in  Tennessee;  3,  Chloe,  Noiv  niggers  listen  to 
me;  and  we  find  them  also  advertised  by  Weber  in 
Leipzig.35 


V.     "UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN",  ON  THE  STAGE. 
1.     In  German  Theaters  in  America. 

Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  has  been  frequently  dramatized, 
and  has  been  presented  upon  the  stage  in  every  leading  city 
in  America  for  over  fifty  years,  and  by  some  of  the  most 
famous  American  actors  and  actresses.  Even  now  some 
five  hundred  actors  live  by  this  play  alone,  and  nothing  in 
dicates  a  cessation  of  this  marvelous  popularity,  though, 
perhaps,  it  does  not  attract  exactly  the  same  class  of  people 
that  it  did  in  the  earlier  days.36 

The  German  dramatization  by  Megerle  was  presented 


38  Illustr.  Zeitung,  1853,  II,  No.  542,  p.  172-3,  Sept.  10. 
""Fifty  Tears  of  'Uncle  Tom,'  "  by  F.  C.  Arnett,  Munsey's  Mag.,  1902, 
p.  897-902. 


46  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

in  German  theaters  in  the  United  States,  as  their  records 
show.  For  example,  in  Philadelphia  the  following  presenta 
tions  are  recorded  :37 

1856— May  31.  D.  N.  T.  Melodeon,  201  Chestnut 
Street.  Stowe-Birch-Pfeiffer,  Onkel  Tom's  Hiltte. 

1857— March  23.  D.  N.  T.  Stowe-Megerle,  Onkel 
Tom's  Hiltte. 

1858— September  15,  16.  V olksiheater ,  215  Coates 
Street.  Stowe-Megerle,  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte. 

1864— April  27,  28.  Philadelphia  Stadttheater,  between 
Fourth  and  Fifth  Street,  on  Callowhill  Street.  Stowe- 
Megerle,  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte. 

1874— February  23,  25;  1875,  March  1.  Deutsches 
Theater  in  der  Turner  Halle.  Stowe-Megerle,  Onkel  Tom's 
Hutte. 

1879 — May  8,  9.  Ger mania  Theater.  Stowe-Megerle, 
Onkel  Tom's  Hutte. 

2.    In  Germany. 

There  are  at  least  five  distinct  dramatizations  of  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin  in  German,  and  probably  more  adaptations. 
The  only  one  published  was  the  work  of  Therese  von 
Megerle,  which  appeared  in  Wien,  1853.  She  was  the  writer 
of  plays  and  short  stories,  Therese  Megerle  von  Muhlfeld 
(Pressburg,  1813-1865,  Wien).38 

Notices  of  this  dramatization  appear  in  December, 
1852,39  and  it  is  probable  that  it  was  ready  for  stage  use 
before  its  publication. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  presentations  of  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin  in  Germany,  gathered  from  the  study  of 
theater  advertisements  and  almanacs.40 


37  Lewis,  The  German  Stage  in  Philadelphia  (in  mss.),  Prof.  M.  D.  Learned, 
Univ.  of  Penna. 

^Pataky,  Lex.  deu.  Frauen  d.  Feder,  Berlin,  1898. 

39  Fkt.  Intell.  Blatt,  3  Beil.  1852,  No.  308,  Dec.  29.     Grenzloten,  1852,  IV, 
p.  479. 

40  A.  Heinrich,  Deu.  Buhnen- Almanack. 


UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  ON  THE  STAGE  47 

1852-1853. 

1.  Aachen,  Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte.  Novitat. 

2.  Augsburg,  Stadttheater— Ow&eJ  Tom's  Hiitte.41 

3.  Ballenstedt,  Herzogliches  Hoftheater  vereinigt  mil 
dem    Stadttheater   in   Halberstadt.     Onkel    Tom's   Hutte. 
Novitat. 

4.  Berlin,  Konigstadtisches  Theater,  Chaiiottenstr.  90. 
Here  the  dramatization  by  G.  Dankwardt  and  W.  Kahleis— 
dramatische  Gemdlde  mit  Gesang  in  vier  Aden,  with  music 
by  Hauptner,  was  presented  seven  times,  according  to  the 
Neue  Preussische  Zeitung;      and  another  adaptation  en 
titled  Barrier  und  Neger,  oder  Onkel  Tom  in  Deutschland, 
Posse  mit  Gesang  in  zwei  Acten  von  Ernst  Nonne ;  also  with 
music  by  Hauptner  was  advertised  once. 

A  critic  speaks  o'f  the  former  dramatization  as  follows : 
"Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte  ist  ein  sehr  schwacher  Eoman, 
aber  es  ist  eine  interessante,  werm  auch  eine  unerfreuliche 
Schrift,  und  es  fragt  sich,  ob  es  iiberhaupt  wohlgetan,  sol- 
chen  Stoff  auf  die  Biihne  zu  bringen.  Da  indess  die  riistige 
Tatigkeit  der  Abolitionisten-Partei  dem  Buch  auch  in 
Europa  die  weiteste  Verbreitung  verschafft  hat,  so  konnte 
die  Dramatizierung  nicht  ausbleiben,  und  wir  miissen  zu- 
geben,  dass  die  Arbeit  der  Herren  Danckwardt  und  Kahleis 
keine  uugescliickte  ist.  A  us  ihren  eigenen  Mitteln  haben 
die  Bearbeiter  den  Berliner  Pelzhandler,  Fritz  Griibler,  hin- 
zugetan,  aber  die  wirkliche  poetische  Figur  im  Roman  der 
Mme.  Stowe,  Evangeline,  fehlt  in  der  dramatischen  Bear- 
beitung."43 

5.  Berlin44     Vorstadtisches     Theater — Onkel      Tom's 
Hiitte.     Novitat. 

6.  Bremen,  Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte.    Novi 
tat. 


"  1852,  No.  300  bis  304,  1852,  No.  1-7,  11-12,  Dec.  25-Jan.  15. 
"Neue  Preuss.  Zeitung,  1853,  No.  5,  Jan.  7. 
"Europa,  1853,  No.  5,  p.  32. 


48  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

7.  Brunn,  Konigl.  stadtisches  Theater — Onkel  Tom's 
Hutte.  Novitat. 

6.  Coblem,  Stadttheater— Onkel  Tom's  Hutte. 

9.  Danzig,  Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.    Novitat. 

10.  Elbing,  Stadttheater,  vereinigt  mit  dem  Stadtthea 
ter  zu  Marienburg — Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.    Novitat. 

11.  Frankfurt    am    Main,    Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom. 
Schauspiel  in  4  Abteilungen,  frei  bearbeitet  von  Olfers.45 

This  dramatization  seems  to  have  been  presented  in 
Frankfurt  only  once  with  the  result  that,  in  the  words  of  a 
critic,  "am  Schlusse  des  Stiickes  hat  sich  das  Publikum  in 
zwei  Lager  geteilt  und  wahrend  die  eine  Partei  die  Mit- 
glieder  hervorrief ,  zischte  und  pfiff  die  andere.  Wenn  iiber- 
haupt  der  Eoman  Onkel  Tom  sich  zu  einer  Biihnenbearbei- 
tung  eignet,  so  miissen  wir  der  uns  frier  gebotenen  Bear- 
beitung  jedenfalls  hier  den  Vorzug  vor  den  Anderen  geben, 
da  sie  biihnengewandt  und  mit  kundiger  Hand  gearbeitet 
ist,  und  die  Hauptmomente  des  Eomans  in  kurzen  Skizzen 
in  gedrangter  Kiirze  uns  vorfiihrt.  Wir  glauben  dass  trotz 
der  von  einigen  Wenigen  gemachten  Demons trationen  On 
kel  Tom  ein  fiir  die  Direction  ganz  ergiebiges  Sonntags- 
stiick  werden  diirfte."46 

12.  Freiburg,    Stadttheater — Onkel    Tom.     Schauspiel 
von  Dr.  Olfers.47 

13.  Funfkirchen,    Stadtisches-privilegirtes     Theater — 
Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.     Schauspiel. 

14.  Gorlitz,  Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.    Novi 
tat. 

15.  Gross-Beezkerek,  Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom's  Hut 
te.    Novitat. 

16.  Hamburg,  Vereinigte  Theater— Ow&eZ  Tom's  Hut 
te.    Novitat. 


46  FTct.  Theater  Almanack,  hg.  v.  Ernst  Gotzler,   1854;   Flat.  Konv.-Blatt, 
1853,  No.  42,  43,  44,  Feb.  17,  19,  21;  Fkt.  Intell.-Blatt,  1853,  4  Beil.,  No.  41, 
42,  45. 

48  Fkt.  Intell-Blatt,  1853,  8  Beil.,  No.  45,  Feb.  23. 

47  Freib.  Zeitung,  1853,  No.  43,  Feb.  19. 


UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  ON  THE  STAGE  49 

The  adaptation  for  the  stage  used  here  was  by  Wall- 
heim,  according  to  Europa.48 

17.  Hermannstadt,  Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom.     Melo- 
dram. 

18.  Kaschau,  Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom.    Novitat. 

19.  Klagenfurt,     Standisches     Theater — Onkel     Tom. 
Novitat. 

20.  Konigsberg  in  Preussen,  Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom. 
Novitat. 

21.  Laibach,  Standisches  Theater,  verbunden  mit  dem 
Theater  in  Triest — Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.    Schauspiel. 

22.  Leipzig,  Stadttheater— Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.  Schau 
spiel.49 

23.  Lemberg,  k.  k.  priv.  graflich  Skarbek  'sches  Thea 
ter — Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.    Schauspiel. 

24.  Linz,     Landstandisches      Theater — Onkel     Tom's 
Hutte.    Schauspiel. 

25.  Lissa    in    Posen — Eeisende    Gesellschaf t ;     Onkel 
Tom's  Hutte.    Novitat. 

26.  Magdeburg,     Stadttheater— Onkel    Tom's    Hutte. 
Novitat. 

27.  Mainz— Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.    Schauspiel  bearbeitet 
von  Olfers.50 

28.  Munchen,  Neues  Vorstadttheater  in  der  Aue — Onkel 
Tom's  Hutte.    For  the  popularity  of  the  play  in  Munchen 
speaks  the  fact  that  it  was  presented  twice  daily,  thirty 
times.     In  the  following  year  (1854)  it  was  given  in  the 
Volkstheater  in  der  Miillerstrasse  as  Onkel  Tom.    Novitat. 

29.  Oldenburg,  stadtisches  Theater — Onkel  Tom.  Novi 
tat. 

30.  Prag,     konigliches     Standisches      Theater — Onkel 
Tom.    Novitat. 


"Europa,  1853,  No.  11,  p.  88,  Feb.  3. 
«Europa,  1854,  No.  14,  p.  112,  Feb.  10. 

MMainzer  Journal,  1853,  No.  42,  43,  Feb.  18,  19:  Ehcin.  Blatter,  1853,  No 
54,  55,  Mar.  5,  6. 


50  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

31.  Pressburg,  konigliches  standisches  Theater — Onkel 
Tom.    Novitat. 

32.  Rostock,  Stadttheater,  vereinigt  mit  den  Aktien- 
theatern  zu  Stralsund  und  Greifswald — Onkel  Tom's  Hutte. 
Schauspiel. 

33.  Troppau,      Stadttheater — Onkel      Tom's      Hutte. 
Schauspiel. 

34.  Tyrnau,    konigliches    stadtisches    Theater — Onkel 
Tom's  Hutte.    Novitat. 

35.  Wien,  k.  k.  priv.  Theater  in  der  Josephstadt — Onkel 
Tom.    Novitat. 

36.  Wiesbaden,  Stadt-  u.  national-Theater — Onkel  Tom. 

Novitat. 

1854. 

1.  Bremerhafen — Onkel  Tom's  Hutte.    Novitat. 

2.  Kronstadt,  Stadttheater — Onkel  Tom.    Novitat. 

3.  Miinchen,  Volkstheater,  Miillerstrasse — Onkel  Tom. 
Novitat. 

It  is  probable  that  a  representation  was  given  in  Baden- 
Baden,  according  to  a  notice  in  the  Badische  Landeszeitung, 
1853,  August  13,  which  says  the  theater  director  was 
wounded  in  the  right  arm  by  a  shot  during  the  performance  * 
As  a  "Puppen-komodie" — Uncle  Tom  appeared  in  Berlin 
in  Hotel  de  Eussie  as  "Onkel  Torn,  der  Berliner  Neger- 
sklave!  Posse  in  drei  Acten."51 

It  would  be  interesting  to  attempt  to  group  these  pres 
entations  according  to  the  dramatization,  and  it  is  probable 
that  in  those  theaters  in  which  the  adaptation  was  called  a 
"Schauspiel",  the  dramatization  followed  was  that  of 
Olfers,  and  in  those  in  which  it  was  called  "  Novitat ",  that 
published  in  Wien  by  Megerle.  It  is  possible  that  the  one 
best  known  was  that  used  successfully  in  Berlin.  However, 
it  is  a  matter  of  conjecture  and  cannot  be  proved ;  but  it  is 
certain  that  many  theaters  from  which  no  detailed  reports 


5iNeue  Preuss.  Zcitung,  1852,  No.  283-300,  Dec.  5-25  j  1853,  No.  6,  7,  Jan. 
8,  9. 


UNCLE  TOM?S  CABIN  ON  THE  STAGE  51 

of  performances  are  to  be  found  in  the  theater  almanacs, 
also  presented  the  play,  following  the  dramatization  best 
known  to  them,  and  adapting  it,  as  it  was  necessary,  to  suit 
the  public  taste. 

The  popularity  of  the  play  in  Germany  was  due  to  its 
great  vogue  as  a  novel,  and  also  partly  to  its  friendly  recep 
tion  on  the  stage  in  Paris  and  London,  which  was  frequently 
noted  in  the  papers. 

"Der  Roman,  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte,  ist  nicht  nur  in  die 
meisten  europaischen  Sprachen  iibersetzt,  sondern  hat  jetzt 
auch  Eingang  auf  die  Pariser  Biihne  gefunden.  Es  sind 
nichts  weniger  als  drei  Melodramen,  zwei  Vaudevilles  und 
selbst  eine  Oper  aus  diesem  situationsreichen  Stoffe  schon 
fertig.  Das  Libretto  fur  das  theater  lyrique  ist  auch  schon 
unter  den  Hiinden  des  Componisten  Adam. — Im  konig- 
stadtischen  Theater  zu  Berlin  ist  bereits  ein  Stiick,  Onkel 
Tom's  Hutte,  auf  dem  Repertoire."52 

Again  we  read  in  the  Morgenblatt  fur  gebildete  Leser 
under  heading : 

"Korrespondenz  und  Nachrichten  aus  Paris.  Onkel 
Tom's  Hutte  auf  der  Biihne.  'La  case  de  1'oncle  Tom' !  Sech- 
zig  Male  hat  dieses  Stiick  das  ziemlich  grosseHaus  iiberfiillt, 
ohne  dass  die  Zuschauer  miide  geworden  waren,  die  Tiraden 
der  Negersklaven  zu  beklatschen  und  wahre  Strome  von 
Thranen  iiber  deren  ungliickliches  Schicksal  zu  ver- 
giessen."53 

We  see,  therefore,  that  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  is  one  of  the 
fortunate,  realistic  novels  which  enjoyed  a  popularity  not 
only  between  the  covers  of  the  book,  but  in  a  more  life-like 
form  on  the  stage,  both  in  its  own  and  in  foreign  lands. 


"Frankfurter  Intell.-Blatt,  4  Beil.,  1853,  No.   7,  Jan.  9;   Bcil.  Heidelb. 
Journal,  1853,  No.  4,  Jan.  9. 

"1853,  No.  19,  May  8,  p.  449-451. 


52  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

VI.     INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE. 
1.     Hacklander. 

The  novel  in  Germany  during  the  period  of  reaction 
showed  two  directions  of  development  under  the  influence  of 
pessimism ;  toward  the  past,  in  the  historical  novel,  which 
described  the  glories  of  idealized  by-gone  days,  and  to  the 
present  and  future,  in  the  psychological,  "Tendenz-  und 
Zeit-Koman",  the  novel  with  a  purpose,  which  laid  bare  the 
evils  of  all  stages  and  conditions  of  the  present,  and  prophe 
sied  a  dark  and  gloomy  future.  The  writers  of  the  latter 
kind  of  a  novel  eagerly  accepted  any  new  "  motif "  which 
the  social  life  offered  at  home  or  abroad.  The  subject  of 
slavery  had  not  been  used  as  a  theme  in  the  German  novel, 
and  the  natural  result  of  the  immense  popularity  of  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin,  together  with  the  peculiar  state  of  the  public 
mind,  was  imitation  and  borrowing. 

"Es  sollte  einmal  Einer  eine  europaische  Onkel  Tom's 
Hutte  iiber  das  weisse  Elend  schreiben",54  was  the  wish  ex 
pressed  by  several  reviewers,  and  this  was  the  purpose  of 
Hacklander  in  his  Europdisches  Sklavenleben.55 

Friedrich  Wilhelm  Hacklander  (1816-1877)  experi 
enced  during  his  life  all  stages  from  poverty  to  wealth,  and 
thus  became  intimately  acquainted  with  all  classes  of  society 
from  the  poorest  to  the  titled  rich.  An  orphan  at  twelve 
years  of  age,  he  was  first  an  apprentice,  then  a  soldier,  then 
a  clerk,  and  later  a  poor,  struggling  author,  until  he  was 
noticed  and  patronized  by  nobility.  In  his  travels  with  the 
Crown  Prince  of  Wiirttemberg,  his  powers  of  observation 

5*Saga,  1853,  No.  5,  July  31,  p.  37. 

55  See  J.  Franck,  Allgem.  deu.  Biogr.,  Bd.  10,  p.  296-7;  Aug.  Henneberger, 
Bl.  fur  lit.  Unterh.,  1853,  I,  577  flf.;  Meyer's  Convers.  Lex.,  3  Aufl.,  1876,  VIII, 
403-4,  gives  list  of  works  and  dates:  Rudolph  Gottschall— Die  deu.  Nat.  Lit. 
des  19  Jhts.,  Breslau,  1872,  3  A,ufl.,  Bd.  4,  406-11;  References  are  made  to 
Europaisches,  Sklavenleben,  illustr.  v.  Arthur  Langhammer,  3  Bde.,  Stuttg. 
Krabbe,  1885.  Reviews  of  Europ.  SJclavenl.:  Litt.  Central.,  hrsg.  v.  Zarnke, 
Lpz.,  1855,  Apr.  7  and  14,  p.  225;  Bl.  fur  lit.  Unterh.,  1854,  p.  258;  Allgem. 
Ztng.  Augsb.,  Beil.  No.  56,  Feb.  25,  1854;  No.  287,  Oct.  14,  1854;  Neue  Preuss. 
Ztng.,  Beil.,  1854,  Apr.  20,  No.  92;  May  5,  No.  105;  Sept.  22,  No.  222. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATUBE  53 

developed,  which  served  him  well  in  his  later  works.  After 
1849  he  wrote  for  the  Allgemeine  Zeitung  for  a  time,  and 
from  then  on  his  novels  appeared  in  quick  succession  until 
his  death  in  1877.  In  his  earlier  writings,  Hacklander  at 
tempts  little  more  than  to  entertain  his  readers ;  but  in  his 
novels  his  knowledge  of  life  had  deepened,  and  he  tries  to 
open  the  eyes  of  society  blind  to  the  atrocious  evils  which 
existed  in  its  circles,  and  he  censures  and  rebukes  in  de 
scription  and  discussion.  He  is  the  "  Tendenz-Schrif t- 
steller." 

Hacklander's  Europdisches  Sklavenleben  (Stuttgart, 
1854)  is  one  of  his  more  important  works,  and,  as  its  title 
signifies,  treats  of  slavery,  not  of  the  negroes  in  America, 
but  in  every  possible  circle  of  society  in  Europe.  Rich  and 
poor,  educated  and  ignorant,  he  says,  wear  the  chains  of  a 
servitude  from  which  they  are  powerless  to  free  themselves ; 
and  they  bewail  their  condition  as  worse  than  that  of  the 
negroes  who  are  cared  for  by  their  masters,  while  they  are 
the  white  slaves  of  circumstances. 

The  scenes  of  the  story  alternate  between  the  lowest 
and  the  highest  classes  of  society  with  vivid  description,  but 
comparatively  slow  action.  Many  characters  are  intro 
duced  somewhat  in  the  Dickens  manner,  and  the  thread  of 
the  story  is  therefore  sometimes  difficult  to  follow.  The 
working  class  and  the  aristocracy  are  the  two  general  divi 
sions  into  which  the  characters  may  be  divided.  The  former 
group  consists  of  the  translator,  Herr  Staiger,  his  daughter, 
Clara,  the  ballet  dancer  and  her  friends,  and  the  book  pub 
lisher  and  his  clerks.  The  aristocracy  presents  the  Duke, 
Baron  Brand,  Graf  Fohrbach  and  the  artist,  Arthur  Erick- 
son,  together  with  others  of  the  court.  These  and  more 
appear  and  play  a  role  in  the  intrigue  and  conspiracy,  the 
object  of  which  is  to  show  that  every  life  has  its  dark  side 
and  its  tragedy.  The  titles  of  the  chapters  are  suggestive: 
Vol.  I.  3,  Sklavinnen;  7,  Sklavenleben;  33,  Sklavenge- 
schichten;  38,  Goldene  Fesseln;  45,  Sklavenhandel;  63,  Skla- 
venloos. 


54  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEEMANY 

Hacklander  discloses  the  suffering  among  the  inmates 
of  the  "children's  homes",  among  the  struggling  authors 
who  have  to  resort  to  translating  in  order  to  win  bread  for 
their  families,  among  the  dancers  in  the  theater — in  fact, 
he  throws  light  upon  every  side  of  poverty  with  which  he 
was  acquainted ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  he  shows  how  the 
rich  suffer  through  dependence  upon  others,  and  through 
their  own  dissatisfaction  with  life.  This  suffering,  he  says, 
is  due  either  to  circumstances  or  the  mutual  oppression  of 
the  classes,  and  is  a  kind  of  slavery  just  as  real  and  horrible 
as  that  of  the  negroes. 

The  ballet  dancers  discuss  their  lot  in  life  and  consider 
themselves  slaves:56 

"Es  ist  ein  Leben  in  vielen  Fallen  schlimmer  als  das 
einer  wirklichen  Sklavin ;  ist  diese  traurig,  ist  ihr  Herz  von 
Kummer  und  Schmerz  zerrissen,  so  ist  es  doch  ihrem  Herrn 
gleichgiltig,  ob  sie  die  Lippen  zusammenbeisst,  ob  eine 
Trane  iiber  ihre  Wangen  herabtrauf elt ;  aber  die  Tanzerin 
muss  lachen,  muss  vor  den  Lampen  eine  Gliickseligkeit  heu- 
cheln,  wenn  auch  ihr  Herz  dariiber  brechen  mochte. — Es  ist 
wahr,  eine  Sklavin  wird  wie  eine  Waare  untersucht,  ihre 
Gestalt,  ihr  Wuchs,  ihre  Augen,  ihre  Zahne  werden  gepriift, 
aber  das  geschieht  nur  einzige  Male  in  ihrem  Leben;  die 
Tanzerin  dagegen  muss  sich  allabendlich  von  dem  gesamm- 
ten  Publikum  untersuchen  lassen!  Jedes  Glas  richtet  sich 
scharf  auf  sie  und  jedes  Auge  priift  genau  die  Formen  ihres 
Korpers,  um  dem  Nachbar  sagen  zu  konnen,  'Sie  ist 
schoner  geworden',  'Sie  bliiht  auf,  oder,  'Sie  nimmt  ab,  es 
geht  zu  Ende  mit  ihr. '  ' ' 

The  dancers  feel  their  life  more  hard  and  bitter  than 
that  of  the  black  race,  because  they  are  separated  from  their 
own  race  by  birth  and  circumstances.  They  discuss  Uncle 
Tom.57 

"Freilich  habe  ich  es    gelesen,  und  die  Absicht  der 


66  Vol.  I,  ch.  2,  p.  15. 

67  Vol.  I,  ch.  3,  p.  31  ff. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  55 

Verfasserin  1st  gewiss  lobenswert;  aber  lacherlich  1st  es, 
wie  man  bei  uns  dafiir  schwarmt,  wie  man  sich  an  fremdem, 
vielfach  eingebildetem  und  iibertriebenem  Elend  wollustig 
erlabt,  wahrend  man  dicht  vor  der  Nase  dasselbe  in  noch 
viel  grosserem  Massstabe  hat.  *  *  *  Ich  kenne  Leute, 
die  nach  der  Sklaverei  so  vielen  Tausend  Meilen  von  sich 
ausschauen  und  die  zu  Hause  dariiber  stolpern;  die  das 
Elend  jener  ungliicklichen  Menschen  taglich  und  stiindlich 
beklagen,  und  die  in  ihrem  Hauswesen  und  fiir  ihre  Mit- 
menschen  selbst  die  scheusslichsten  Sklavenhandler  sind." 

The  old  translator  sighs  as  he  bends  over  his  work, 
when  he  thinks  of  the  oppression  of  the  negroes,  but  he 
sighs  deeper  when  he  looks  around  his  bare  room,  and  hears 
his  little  motherless  children  asking  for  bread:58 

"  'Mir    scheint',    sagte    der    alte    Mann    an    seinem 

Schreibtisch,  indem  er  seine  Feder  einen  Augenblick  an- 

hielt  und  durch  die  Brille  nach  dem  Tisch  schaute,  '  Wir  be- 

kommen  noch  ein  Nachtessen.    Ei,  ei !  das  ist,  obgleich  Ver- 

schwendung  doch  sehr  wohltatig.    Auch  trifYt  das  prachtig 

mit  meiner  Arbeit  hier  zusammen;  ich  iibersetze  namlich 

gerade  ein  Souper  in  Onkel  Tom's  Hut'te,  und  es  ist  sonder- 

bar,  wenn  ich  von  Essen  und  Trinken  schreibe,  da  bekomme 

ich  einen   starken  Appetit.     *     *          Dieses   Innere  von 

Onkel  Tom's  Hiitte  ist  als  recht  komfortabel  geschildert  und 

kommt  Einem  gar  nicht  so  unrecht  vor ;  es  ist  ein  anstan- 

diges,  f estes  Gebaude,  mit  einem  kleinen  Garten  davor ;  auf 

dem  Herde  lodert  ein  Feuer  und  verbreitet  in  dem  Zimmer 

eine  behagliche  Warme     *     *  schon  die  Idee  eines  Ka- 

mins  hat  etwas  hochst  Behagliches  Tante  Chloe 

steht  am  Kiichenfeuer  und  aus  ihrer  Bratpfanne  hervor 

dringt  der  Geruch  von  etwas  Gutem ;  sie  hat  eben  noch  ein 

Stuck  Speck  hineingetan,  und  bemerkt  dass  der  Kuchen 

sich  wunderschon  farbt     *     *     *     Ah!  es  ist  etwas  sehr 

Vortreffliches  um  so  einen  Kuchen!' 

Hacklander  expresses  his  own  feeling  in   regard  to 

88  Vol.  I,  ch.  6,  p.  64. 


56  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

slavery  and  especially  the  slavery  among  the  readers  of 
Uncle  Tom,  which  they  failed  to  recognize,  through  his  char 
acters  as  we  have  seen  and  will  further  understand  in  the 
conversation  of  Herr  Staiger.59  He  bewails  the  fact  that 
the  very  readers  who  waste  tears  over  a  book,  do  all  that  is 
in  their  power  to  oppress  those  under  them.  He  says  the 
book  is  unique  and  well-fitting  to  America,  where  the  agita 
tion  for  freedom  of  the  slaves  is  active,  but  in  the  other 
countries,  where  the  book  excited  great  feeling  of  sym 
pathy,  the  readers  had  not  the  courage  to  look  around  them 
and  see  a  greater  misery.  He  praises  Mrs.  Stowe's  object: 

"Die  Verfasserin,  eine  Amerikanerin,  Augenzeugin  des 
von  ihr  geschilderten  Sklavenlebens  hatte  gewiss  die  schon- 
ste  und  lobenswerteste  Absicht",  but  he  does  not  believe 
that  she  had  any  thought  of  "das  Publikum  mit  Onkel 
Tom's  Hutten  zu  uberschwemmen,  in  Wort  und  Bild,  in  Ge- 
sangen  und  Theaterstiicken. ' ' 

"Da  haben  sie  aus  dem  Buche  ein  Lied  gemacht.  Es 
behandelt  den  Moment,  wo  die  Sklavin,  Elise,  mit  ihrem 
Kinde  iiber  die  auf-  und  abschwankenden  Eisschollen  des 
Ohios  flieht — allerdings  eine  entschlossene  und  schone  Tat. 

1 '  Dieses  Lied  ist  nun  von  irgend  Einem  zierlich  in  Mu- 
sik  gesetzt  und  wird  jetzt  schmachtend  gesungen  von  Tau- 
senden  deutscher  Frauen  und  Jungfrauen  zu  den  Akkorden 
eines  Klaviers  oder  dem  Geklimper  einer  Guitarre,  sich 
selbst  und  den  Zuhorern  unaussprechlichen  Vergniigen ;  und 
es  ist  eine  Heldentat,  deren  Vorbild  man  Tausende  von  Mei- 
len  weit  herholen  musste,  weil  nichts  Ahnliches  aufzuweisen 
ist  im  lieben  Vaterlande  *  *  *  Ich  habe  eine  Mutter 
gekannt,  die  hat  fur  ihr  Kind  noch  unendlich  mehr  getan, 
und  man  hat  sie  nicht  gepriessen  in  Biichern  und  Balladen. 
Dieses  Weib  war  ein  armes  ungliickliches  Weib,  und  ob- 
gleich  sie  nicht  von  Sklavenhandlern  gejagt  wurde,  so  jag- 
ten  sie  doch  noch  viel  grimmigere  Feinde,  Not  und 
Hunger.  *  *  *  Die  Sklavin  entging  nicht  ihren  Ver- 


69  Vol.  I,  ch.  7,  p.  76  ff. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  57 

folgern,  sie  wurde  jenseits  ihres  mit  schwimmenden  Eis- 
schollen  bedeckten  Ohio's  nicht  von  freundlicher  Hand 
aufgenommen.  Die  weisse  Sklavin  erhielt  fur  sich  und  ihr 
Kind  kein  warmes  Zimmer,  kein  gutes  Bett;  sie  fiel  der 
straf enden  Gerechtigkeit  anheim ;  sie  ist  verschwunden  und 
verschollen;  kein  Buch  beschreibt  ihre  grossere  Tat,  keine 
Ballade  besingt  ihr  Elend  und  das  ihres  Kindes. ' ' 

In  such  burning  words  does  Hacklander  show  us  his 
sympathy  for  the  poor  and  suffering  and  his  contempt  for 
those  who  are  only  willing  to  look  on  them  at  a  distance, 
and  are  to  a  large  extent  themselves  the  cause  of  the  dis 
tress  and  poverty  which  surrounds  them  in  their  neighbor 
hoods.  The  author  says  :60 

"Alle  sing  Sklaven,  alle  haben  keinen  freien  Willen, 
auch  die  nicht  welche  stolz  auf  uns  herabblicken ;  und 
je  holier  sie  stehen,  desto  herber  fiihlen  sie  ihre  Sklaverei." 
The  rich  are  the  slaves  of  their  money,  and  often  of 
ill-health— and  in  the  higher  classes  of  society  they  are 
slaves  of  fashion  and  custom.  There  words,  pleasant  looks 
and  smiling  lips  are  only  masks  which  hide,  under  gold  and 
flowers,  sick  heart;  "Und  so  liangen  alle  Menschen  an 
einer  gewaltigen  Kette,  vom  Bettler  bis  hinauf  zum  Konige. 
Ja — alle,  alle  sind  Sklaven ! ' ' 

The  book-dealer  Blaffer,  in  conversation  with  his  clerks 

complains  that  his  best  books  will  not  sell,   and  adds:61 

'  'Wenn  Onkel  Tom  nicht  ware,  oder  ein  Paar  gangbare 

Dumas  'schen   Eomane,   so   sollte  mich   der   Teufel   holen, 

wenn  ich  nicht  langer  deutscher  Buchhandler  bliebe.     Da 

haben  wir  vierzig  anstandige  Bestellungen  auf  die  Hiitte. 

Ich  hatte  nicht  gedacht,  dass  der  Sklavenhandel  so 

ergiebig  ware.    Es  ist  doch  was  Schones  darum,  wenn  man 

so  jeden  Posttag  seine  vierzig  Schwarze  behandelt.'  " 

He  calls  his  clerks  slaves  and  himself  the  master,  and 
he  acts  the  part  well,  although  in  the  scene  in  which  the 

60  Vol.  I,  ch.  7,  p.  83. 
«  Vol.  I,  ch.  12,  p.  142. 


58  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

artist  makes  arrangements  to  illustrate  the  book,  while  Herr 
Staiger  is  discoursing  on  slavery,62  he  becomes  uneasy,  and 
winces  visibly  when  the  personal  side  of  the  subject  is 
shown.  He  is  a  fair  picture  of  a  slave  dealer— indeed,  as 
the  artist  sat  talking,  he  busied  himself  with  sketching  him 
as  such,  and  afterwards  when  the  chief  clerk  found  the 
paper,  he  waved  it  in  the  air  and  said : 

"  'Sehen  Sie,  da  steht  er,  wie  er  leibt  und  lebt,  der 
Sklavenhandler  Blaffer;  und  auch  wir  sind  nicht  vergessen, 
mich  hat  er  auf  Ehre  als  Onkel  Tom  dahin  conterfeit.'  "63 

The  artist  considers  his  own  life  as  a  hard  one,  because 
he  is  dependent  upon  the  court  for  patronage,  and  says, 
Uncle  Tom  ought  to  be  satisfied  with  him,  since  he  does  not 
return  the  blows  which  he  receives.  He  also  is  a  slave  of 
circumstance.64  His  brother,  Alfons,  feels  himself  the  slave 
of  his  wife's  whims— while  she  in  turn  pities  herself  as  an 
"elende  Sklavin".65  She  is  the  Mrs.  St.  Clare  of  the  book. 
The  author  says  of  Alfons:  "Er  sah  sein  Leben  dahin- 
ziehen  in  einer  Abhangigkeit,  in  einer  Sklaverei,  arger  als 
die,  welclie  mit  hochgeschwungener  Peitsche  zur  ange- 
strengsten  Arbeit  treibt." 

The  Duke  sighs  over  the  continual  whirl  of  life  at  the 
court  :66 

'  <  '  Aber  ich !— Dienst !— Dienst !— Dienst !— von  Mor- 
gens  Friih,  wenn  ich  meine  Augen  offne,  bis  Nachts  wenn 
ich  sie  wieder  schliesse;  und  auch  dann  noch  oft  keine  Euhe, 
denn  ich  traume  davon.  Eine  wahre  Sklaverei !'  " 

Graf  Fohrbach  also  complains  :67 

"  'Freiheit!  Freiheit!  *  *  *  Ja,  Sklaverei  ist  das 
rechte  Wort ;  und  wenn  die  Ketten  auch  von  Gold  oder  Sil- 
ber  sind,  Ketten  sind  und  bleiben  sie  doch  einmal!'  " 

62  Vol.  I,  ch.  13,  p.  163  ff. 

63  Of.,  also  Vol.  II,  ch.  39,  p.  34-5,  Vol.  Ill,  ch.  73,  p.  179-180. 

64  Of.  Vol.  II,  ch.  53,  p.  256-7. 

65  Vol.  I,  ch.  14,  p.  187-8. 

66  Vol.  II,  ch.  55,  p.  281. 

67  Vol.  II,  ch.  56,  p.  312-3. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  59 

Baron  Brand  confesses  :68 

"  'Ich  war  Herr  und  Gebieter  iiber  Tausende  von 
Sklaven.'  " 

So  with  bitterness  and  sarcasm  Hacklander  pictures 
society  and  censures  not  only  its  follies  and  weakness,  but 
its  deliberate  cruelty.  In  nearly  every  chapter  he  mentions 
Uncle  Tom,  and  in  many  places  Mrs.  Stowe  also.  The  con 
ditions  of  society  he  describes  in  detail.  It  needs  a  second 
Mrs.  Stowe,  he  says,69  to  show  to  the  world  to  what  an 
alarming  extent  the  blind  seeking  for  pleasure  is  driven— 
and  especially  in  the  cities : 

"Es  ist  das  ein  Kapitel,  welches  in  keiner  Sklavenge- 
schichte  fehlen  darf,  und  das  auch  in  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte 
vorkommen  wiirde. '  >7° 

The  negroes  know  no  difference  among  themselves,  he 
adds,  yet  are  perfectly  conscious  of  the  line  between  them 
and  the  white  race,  though  they  do  not  desire  to  cross  this 
boundary.  In  European  society  the  lines  of  division  are 
drawn  by  birth  and  circumstances,  false  lines  which  ought 
not  to  exist. 

An  amusing  incident  concerning  Mrs.  Stowe  is  found 
in  the  first  volume.71  Several  of  the  theater  attendants  are 
talking  with  an  old  man  who  describes  a  pretended  journey 
to  America,  during  which  he  had  seen  Mrs.  Stowe.  He  says 
she  lived  in  a  house  next  to  a  "Wirtshaus  zum  weissen 
Boss",  and  that  he  was  received  in  a  friendly  manner  by 
her  when  he  called.  He  describes  his  entertainment  at  din 
ner,  at  which  the  dishes,  etc.,  were  of  amber,  a  piece  of 
which  he  convincingly  shows  as  the  end  of  his  pipe.  Being 
asked  if  Mrs.  Stowe  was  the  author  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin, 
he  answers,  "She  feeds  her  hens  and  geese,  and  darns  her 
children's  stockings,  but  never  thinks  of  writing  a  book." 
To  his  question,  who  was  the  author?  he  reports  the  answer: 

68  Vol.  Ill,  ch.  64,  p.  15. 

69  Vol.  I,  ch.  28,  p.  370. 

70  Vol.  I,  ch.  28,  p.  377. 
n  Vol.  I,  p.  240  ff . 


60  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

"  <Ich  hab'  es  niclit  geschrieben.  Ich  kenne  aber  den  Ver- 
fasser;  es  ist  von  einem  pietistischen  Pfarrer  in  Rhein- 
PreussenP  " 

The  purpose  of  this  scene,  aside  from  that  of  amuse 
ment  to  the  reader,  is  to  show  the  foolishness  and  falseness 
of  reports  about  America,  and  the  gullibility  of  old  travel 
ers,  who  may  or  may  not  have  been  in  the  New  World.  Also 
here  is  seen,  as  is  true  of  the  whole  book,  the  sarcasm  with 
which  Hacklander  treated  the  people  who  showed  enthusi 
asm  and  sympathy  for  America  in  her  struggle  with  slavery, 
when  there  was  a  similar  condition  with  them  at  home! 
This  irony  was  not  directed  in  particular  against  Mrs*. 
Stowe  or  her  book,  but  against  the  general  movement  of 
"Schwarmerei  fur  das  Fremde". 

Hacklander  expresses  the  purpose  of  his  work  as  fol 
lows:72 

"Der  geneigte  Leser,  den  wir  nun  einmal  in  die  (Je- 
heimnisse  eingefiihrt,  kann  auch  von  uns  verlangen  dass 
wir  ihm  ferner  mitteilen.  *  Wir  tun  dies  urn  so 

heber,  als  wir  ihm  dadurch  der  Tendenz  unserer  wahrhafti- 
gen  Geschichten  gemass  beweisen,  dass  kein  Mensch  auf 
dieser  Welt  der  Sklaverei  entgeht  und  im  Stande  ist   be- 
standig   seinen   Willen   durchzusetzen,   nicht   die   Bettler 
nicht  die  Hochsten  dieser  Erde." 

The  influence  of  Mrs.  Stowe 's  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  upon 
this  novel  may  be  characterized  as  inspiration  and  imita 
tion  of  purpose.  The  subject  of  slavery  had  been  brought 
before  the  public  in  a  concrete  and  stirring  form  in  Uncle 
lorn,  and  that  only  about  one  year  before,  and  the  enthu 
siasm  for  the  book  not  only  astonished  Hacklander,  but  led 
nm  to  write  his  own  feelings  on  the  subject.  He  did  not 
attempt  to  imitate  the  characters,  unless  it  may  be  said  that 
the  wife  of  Alfons  represents  Mrs.  St.  Clare,  and  the  old 
translator,  Uncle  Tom;  but  these  characters  are  types  just 
e^m  Uncle  Tom.  He  did  not,  it  is  true,  offer  a  means 

"Vol.  II,  ch.  38,  p.  26. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  61 

to  alleviate  the  suffering  which  he  describes,  but  neither  did 
Mrs.  Stowe,  and  in  this  the  two  works  are  alike.  Both  books 
are  a  description  and  representation  of  social  conditions — 
both  plead  for  their  betterment. 

The  book  was  popular,  for  the  public  now  demanded 
"Sklavengeschichten",  and  because  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  was 
at  the  height  of  its  popularity.  The  fact  that  Hacklander 
had  already  made  a  name  for  himself  as  a  writer  was  also 
a  factor  which  made  the  circle  of  readers  larger. 

It  is  plain  that  Hacklander  wished  to  satisfy  the  public 
taste,  and  at  the  same  time  express  his  opinions  of  slavery 
in  general,  and  had  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  not  been  written, 
we  can  safely  say  that  Europdisches  Sklavenleben  would 
also  not  have  come  into  existence. 

In  America  the  book  was  adapted  for  the  theater  by 
Germaner  and  was  presented  April  4,  1865,  at  the  Stadt- 
theater,  and  July  20,  21,  and  August  2,  1877,  in  the  Turner 
Halle  in  Philadelphia.73 

The  influence  of  Uncle  Tom  upon  Hacklander 's  work 
was  at  once  detected  by  the  readers  and  critics,  as  will  be 
seen  by  a  glance  at  the  reviews.  In  nearly  all  notices  of 
Europdisches  Sklavenleben,  Uncle  Tom  is  mentioned,  and  a 
comparison  drawn.  In  Blatter  fur  literarische  Unterhal- 
tung,™  the  review  is  entitled,  "ein  deutsches  Seitenstiick  zu 
Onkel  Tom".  Here  the  reviewer  shows  that  Hacklander 
was  dependent  upon  Mrs.  Stowe  for  inspiration  and  that  he 
tried  to  fulfill  the  wish  expressed  by  reviewers  of  her  book 
for  a  German  Uncle  Tom— a  description  of  European 
slavery. 

The  critic  says:  "Wer  sucht  bei  uns  Sklaverei  und 
Sklavenhalter,  Sklavensignalement  und  Sklavenhetze,  die 
Sklavenpeitsche  und  das  Sklavenbrandmal  f  Doch  hat 
Hacklander  die  Entdeckung  gemacht,  dass  es  mitten  unter 
uns,  in  unsern  so  wohl  organisirten  und  beaufsichtigten 

"Lewis,   The   German   Stage  in   Philadelphia,  in   Ms.,    cf.      Prof.    M.   D. 
Learned,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
74  Bl  /.  lit.  Unth.,  1854,  p.  258. 


62  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEEMANY 

Staaten,  Scharen  von  Sklaven  gibt,  welche  genau  besehen 
noch  ungliicklicher  daran  sind  als  die  schwarzen  Sklaven  in 
Amerika,  etc." 

The  reviewers  consider  the  book  somewhat  overdrawn, 
yet  written  by  one  who  has  a  literary  reputation,  it  could  not 
fail  to  find  readers. 

2.    Auerbach.75 

Another  novelist  who  came  into  the  circle  of  Mrs. 
Stowe's  influence  is  Berthold  Auerbach  (1812-1882),  known 
and  loved  through  his  Sckwarzwalder  DorfgescMchten, 
which  aroused  a  new  interest  in  the  life  of  the  common 
people.  Most  of  his  novels  have  a  well-defined  political, 
democratic  or  social  purpose,  and  this  is  so  in  the  one  which 
interests  us  here  in  connection  with  Mrs.  Stowe,  Das  Land- 
haus  am  Rhein  (3  Bde.  Stuttg.  1869). 

The  Civil  War  had  been  over  in  America  for  about  four 
years,  and  Germany  was  watching  the  work  of  reconstruc 
tion  of  the  Union,  and  how  America  was  trying  to  solve  the 
problem  of  what  to  do  with  the  freedman.  It  is  not  to  be 
wondered,  therefore,  that  Auerbach,  a  strong  champion  of 
freedom,  as  seen  even  in  his  early  Dorfgeschichten,  should 
be  affected  by  the  struggle  in  the  New  World,  and  should 
discuss  the  slavery  question. 

The  two  problems  which  he  tries  to  solve  in  this  novel 
are  the  education  of  a  millionaire's  son  and  daughter,  and 
whether  the  father,  who  had  been  a  slave-trader  and  slave- 
murderer,  should  be  raised  to  the  nobility.  Growing  out  of 
the  latter  are  the  effect  upon  the  children  of  the  knowledge 
of  their  father's  past  life,  and  the  attitude  of  society  in 
Germany  toward  him  as  a  representative  of  the  slave-party 
in  America. 

The  characters  of  the  novel  fall  into  three  groups— the 
Americans,  those  of  higher  society,  and  the  philosophical. 

75  Auerbach:  Allgem.  deu.  Biogr.  I-  Julian  Schmidt,  CharakterUlder  aus 
der  zeitgenoss  Literatur,  Lpz.,  1875,  p.  37-49;  Eudolf  Gottschall,  D.  deu.  Nat. 
Lit.  des  19  JMs.,  Bd.  4.  3  Aufl.,  Breslau,  1872,  p.  340-352;  Brief e  an  seinen 
Freund,  Jakob  Auerbach,  hg.  v.  Spielhagen,  Frankfurt,  1884,  2  Bde. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITEBATUEE  63 

In  the  centre  of  the  first  group  stands  Herr  Sonnenkamp,  a 
German  by  birth,  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  slave-trade 
in  America.  He  returned  to  his  fatherland  after  becoming 
very  wealthy,  and  built  a  beautiful  mansion,  Villa  Eden,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Rhine.  He  then  seeks  admission  to  a  higher 
rank  in  society  through  the  influence  of  gold.  He  is  por 
trayed  as  a  proud,  ambitious  and  arbitrary  man,  whose  one 
good  quality  is  love  for  his  children,  who,  coming  to  Ger 
many  as  a  stranger,  is  respected  and  feared  by  people  in 
general  because  of  his  wealth  and  generosity,  but  is  some 
what  avoided  by  the  circle  which  he  wishes  to  enter,  because 
of  the  mystery  which  surrounds  him.  His  wife,  Frau  Ceres, 
is  a  weak,  childish  woman,  the  daughter  of  the  steward  on 
a  slave-ship,  which  her  husband  had  formerly  owned,  and 
her  only  important  part  in  the  story  is,  that  in  a  fit  of  anger 
she  tells  her  daughter,  Manna,  something  of  the  past  history 
of  her  husband,  and  so  embitters  the  girl's  life  that  she  goes 
to  a  convent,  intending  to  become  a  nun. 

The  boy,  Roland,  does  not  inherit  his  father's  coarse 
ness  and  egotism,  but  has  a  fine,  sympathetic  nature.  His 
education  rests  with  his  tutor,  Erich  Dournay,  who  is  the 
centre  of  the  philosophical  group.  Erich's  mother,  the  wife 
of  a  professor,  and  represented  as  an  ideal  woman,  before 
whom  all  bow,  and  her  son,  who  is  an  indefatigable  student 
and  teacher,  act  as  "balance-wheels"  in  the  household  at 
Villa  Eden. 

The  nobility  group  has  for  its  head  Graf  Klodwig,  who 
is  also  philosophical  and  learned  in  the  classics.  It  is 
through  his  means  and  those  of  his  wife,  Grafin  Bella,  that 
Sonnenkamp  endeavors  to  enter  the  higher  circle.  Through 
this  desire  the  past  life  and  true  character  of  the  millionaire 
is  revealed.  He  wears  an  iron  ring  on  his  right  thumb  to 
hide^  a  scar  caused  by  the  bite  of  a  slave  whom  he  threw 
overboard  when  his  ship  was  pursued,  and  this  scar  serves 
as  a  part  of  the  evidence  against  him,  for  at  the  critical 
moment,  when  he  is  about  to  be  made  Baron,  this  negro  re- 


64  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

appears  in  the  service  of  a  Prince,  recognizes  his  former 
master  and  is  with  difficulty  restrained  from  killing  him. 
This  scene,  of  course,  removes  all  possibility  of  the  fulfill 
ment  of  Sonnenkamp 's  desire,  and  here  is  seen  the  attitude  of 
the  people  toward  slavery.  Sonnenkamp  is  ostracized, 
avoided  by  his  best  friends,  servants  and  even  by  his  own 
children,  and  at  last  is  mobbed  by  the  people  of  his  neigh 
borhood,  until  he  sees  that  only  one  course  is  left,  to  flee 
from  his  home. 

One  morning  he  and  Grafin  Bella,  the  only  person  who 
seems  to  be  influenced  by  him,  and  who  in  turn  exercises  a 
strong  power  over  him,  are  not  to  be  found.  They  go  to 
America  and  take  part  in  the  Civil  War  on  the  Confederate 
side  and  thus  meet  their  death.  The  children,  Manna  and 
Eoland,  feeling  the  stain  of  their  father's  past  upon  them, 
and  willing  to  give  up  their  lives  to  remove  the  curse  which 
he  had  brought  upon  them  all,  also  go  to  America  with  Erich 
Dournay.  The  love  of  the  latter  for  Manna  keeps  him 
faithful  to  them  when  he  recoiled  from  their  father,  and  he 
proves  himself  a  true  guide  and  helper.  Eoland  and  Erich 
enlist  in  a  negro  regiment,  and  live  to  return  to  Villa  Eden. 
The  influence  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  upon  this  novel  is 
seen  in  the  characters  and  in  the  discussion  of  the  slave 
question. 

Sonnenkamp  resembles  the  slave-dealers  Haley  and 
Legree  and  the  thin  veneer  of  refinement  and  courtesy  which 
partially  veils  the  innate  coarseness  and  savagery  of  his 
nature  only  makes  his  egotism  and  cruelty  the  more  hateful 
and  repulsive  to  the  reader.  He  firmly  believes  in  slavery  as 
an  institution,  as  did  the  slave-owners  of  the  South,  since  it 
had  brought  him  his  wealth ;  and  no  argument  can  shake  his 
conviction  that  the  black  man  is  anything  more  than  an 
animal  and  to  be  treated  as  such.  He  may  be  said  to  be  an 
example  of  the  "  new-rich "  type,  gaming  money  by  fraud, 
extortion  and  ill-use  of  his  fellowmen  and  exulting  in  his 
gains.  He  is  called  by  von  Pranken,  the  brother  of  the 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  65 

Grafin  Bella — "Massa  Sonnenkamp".70  Again,  when  Ro 
land  begs  to  be  released  from  his  father's  embrace,  he  re 
members  how  Dr.  Fritz,  a  German  who  had  known  him  in 
America,  had  said,77  "0  you,  who  root  out  the  love  of 
parents  and  children  among  your  fellowmen,  how  can  you 
hope  to  be  loved  by  your  own  children!"  The  words  now 
cut  him  to  the  quick,  and  at  this  moment  the  parrot  calls 
out,  "God  bless  you,  Massa!"  like  the  voice  of  a  spirit  and 
sends  a  shudder  over  him,  just  as  he  tries  to  forget  the 
black  pages  of  his  life. 

On  every  side  he  is  questioned  in  regard  to  slavery,  be 
cause  he  is  known  to  have  been  in  America.78  Whether  the 
negroes  have  souls  is  discussed,  and  what  the  race  may 
become  in  the  future,  and  always  Sonnenkamp  takes  the 
view  of  the  Southerner.  Graf  Klodwig  expresses  the 
opinion,79  "ich  glaube,  dass  Amerika  zur  Vollendung  einer 
grossen  Tat  berufen  ist:  zur  Tilgung  der  Sklaverei  von  der 
Erde".  And  in  the  discussion  after  the  reading  of  Othello 
Sonnenkamp  grows  more  and  more  excited,  and  finally  sur 
prises  all  by  an  outburst  :80 

"Gib'  Deine  Tochter  einem  Neger,  tu'  das!  tu'  das! 
Fiirchte  jede  Stunde  dass  er  Dein  Kind  zerfleische !  Tu'  das ! 
edler  Menschenf  reund !  Dann  komme  wieder  und  sprich  von 
Gleichheit  der  weissen  und  der  schwarzen  Eacen !" 

The  character  of  Eoland  is  shown  in  his  words  to  his 
father:81 

"Vater!  Ich  habe  eine  freie  Seele!  Ich  bin  Dein  Sohn, 
aber  meine  Seele  ist  frei!" 

The  boy  was  born  in  America  and  has  a  faint  recol 
lection  of  being  carried  in  the  arms  of  a  slave,  and  a  song 


"Vol.  I,  bk.  I,  p.  16. 

"Vol.  I,  bk.  IV,  p.  216  and  224;  Vol.  I,  bk.  II,  p.  91. 

n  Vol.  II,  bk.  VI,  p.  29. 

"Vol.  II,  bk.  VI,  p.  33. 

80  Vol.  II,  bk.  XIII,  p.  129  ff. 

n  Vol.  II,  bk.  XIII,  p.  136. 


66  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEEMANY 

which  he  had  heard  the  negroes  sing  haunts  his  memory.82 
He  reads  the  books  of  the  day,  including  works  of  Theodore 
Parker  and  the  life  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  which  prepared 
his  mind  for  the  reading  of  Uncle  Tom,  which  did  not  occur 
until  after  he  had  learned  the  story  of  his  father's  past,  and 
the  latter  had  fled  from  home.83 

"Koland  las  jetzt  zum  ersten  Male  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte; 
er  weinte  Tranen  dariiber,  aber  bald  richtete  er  sich  auf 
und  fragte:  Was  ist  das?  Den  Gepeitschten  und  Misshan- 
delten  an  Vergeltung  im  Jenseits  weisen,  wo  der  Herr  des 
Sklaven  geziichtigt  und  der  misshandelte  Sklave  erhoht 
wird?  Wer  gibt  die  erlittene  Qual  zuriick?  Wer  entscha- 
digt  ihn  fur  die  Gefangenschaft,  die  er  erleiden  musste, 
um  dann  als  unschuldig  erkannt  zu  werden  1 ' ' 

Manna  is  of  the  same  deep  religious  nature  as  Eva. 
She  is  represented  as  older,  however,  a  girl  of  the  same 
simple,  gentle  manners,  who  suffers  intensely  from  the 
knowledge  that  her  father  is  not  the  ideal  which  she  had 
believed  him  to  be,  and  because  she  herself  is  thought  to  be 
a  quadroon  by  her  schoolmates,  who  avoid  her  companion 
ship.  She  determines  not  to  use  her  father's  money  until 
he  declares  that  the  children's  share  was  gained  through 
honest  means. 

The  feeling  of  the  people,  touching  slavery  and  the 
cause  of  the  South,  is  seen  throughout  the  book  from  the 
sentiments  expressed  directly  and  indirectly,  especially 
when  the  dramatic  story  of  Sonnenkamp's  life  is  printed 
in  the  newspapers  and  read  by  all  his  friends  and  neighbors. 
The  scene  in  which  Villa  Eden  is  attacked  by  the  mob  is  a 
striking  illustration  :84 

"Es  wurde  Nacht;  da  tonte  ein  Geheul,  ein  Gejohte,  ein 
Pfeifen,  Easseln  und  Klirren,  wie  wenn  die  Holle  losgelas- 
sen  ware.  Sonnenkamp  richtete  sich  auf.  Bei  Fackelschein 
sah  er  wunderliche  Gestalten  mit  schwarzen  Gesichten. 


82  Vol.  II,  bk.  2,  p.  122. 
"Vol.  Ill,  bk.  XIV,  p.  247. 
•*  Vol.  Ill,  bk.  XII,  p.  135  ff. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  67 

Was  1st  das?    1st  das  Einbildung?  Kommen  sie  heran, 
die  Geschopfe  mit  Menschengestalt  aus  der  fernen  Welt  I 
'Ilinaus,  aus  dem  Land*  muss  er!'  rief  es  von  unten. 
*Zu  seinen  Schwarzen  soil  er!' 
'Wir  wollen  ihn  holen  und  schwarz  anstreichen!' 

########## 

'Woister?' 

'  Gebt  ihn  heraus,  oder  wir  zerschlagen  alles !  ' 

Sonnenkamp  eilte  auf  den  offenen  Balcon;  da  horte  er 
die  Stimme  Erichs,  der  mit  gewaltigem  Bufe  die  Menge 
ermahnte. 

1 1st  Einer  unter  Euch,  der  sagen  kann,  was  Ihr  wollt, 
der  trete  vor. ' 

Ein  Mann  mit  geschwarztem  Antlitz,  den  Erich  nicht 
sofort  erkannte,  trat  vor. 

'Was  wollen  die  Menschen?' 

*  Sie  wollen,  dass  Herr  Sonnenkamp,  oder  wie  er  heisst, 
unsere  Gegend  verlasse  und  wieder  dahin  gehe,  von  wo  er 
gekommen  ist. ' 

'  Hinaus  soil  er ! ' 

'  Und  meine  Wiese  soil  er  mir  wiedergeben ! ' 
1  Und  mir  meinen  Weinberg ! ' 
i  Und  mir  mein  Haus ! ' 
So  rief  es  da  und  dort  aus  dem  Haufen. 
4 Ihr  Manner,  was  habe  ich  Euch  denn  getan?'  rief  Son 
nenkamp. 

'  Menschenf  resser ! ' 

'  Menschenverkauf  er ! ' 

'Menschenhandler !'  schrie  es  aus  der  Versammlung. 

*  Hinaus  sollst  Du!' 
'Hinaus!  Hinaus!'  " 

Here  we  have  a  picture  of  the  rage  of  the  people  against 
the  slave-trader,  and  in  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  we  read  of  the 
anger  of  the  slave-owners  and  traders  against  the  fugitive 
slaves  and  all  who  helped  them  in  any  way  to  escape.  The 
flight  and  pursuit  of  Eliza  and  George  might  be  compared 
to  this  scene. 


68  UNCLE  TOM^S  CABIN  IN  GEEMANY 

It  is  evident  that  Auerbach  had  read  and  appreciated 
the  book  of  Mrs.  Stowe  in  the  height  of  its  popularity,  for 
he  mentions  the  book.  How  far  he  was  influenced  in  the 
Landhaus  am  Rhein  is  difficult  to  state  definitely,  for  he 
mentions  other  contemporary  writers  on  the  subject  of 
slavery.  For  his  portrayal  of  the  character  of  Sonnen- 
kamp  he  is  undoubtedly  indebted  to  Mrs.  Stowe.  A  slave- 
trader  transplanted  to  Germany,  a  Haley  or  Legree  in  high 
society,  could  scarcely  have  been  so  well  described  without 
the  help  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.  The  character  of  Manna 
suggests  that  of  Eva;  that  of  Frau  Ceres,  Mrs.  St.  Clare, 
the  idle,  the  useless,  whimsical  woman.  But  aside  from  the 
characters,  the  opinons  expressed  in  regard  to  slavery  in  the 
discussions  which  arise  are  identical  in  sentiment.  Both 
arguments  for  the  North  and  for  the  South  are  introduced, 
and  we  believe  that  in  this  Auerbach  was  influenced  to  some 
extent  by  Mrs.  Stowe. 

From  the  novel  we  can  plainly  recognize  the  attitude  of 
Auerbach 's  mind  in  regard  to  the  political  conditions  in 
America,  and  what  his  course  of  reading  has  been,  and  his 
sympathies  must  have  been  greatly  aroused  to  lead  him  to 
express  himself  so  strongly  on  the  slave  question.  Das 
Landhaws  am  Rhein  served  as  a  medium  through  which  he 
expressed  his  views  in  character,  dialogue  and  reflection. 

3.     Minor  Writers. 

The  public  mind  during  the  period  of  the  popularity  of 
Uncle  Tom  demanded  stories  of  America  and  particularly 
of  slave  life.  The  book  dealers  and  writers  saw  that  their 
other  books  would  sell  slowly  as  long  as  this  demand  lasted, 
and  the  result  was  a  great  number  both  of  translations  of 
English  imitations  and  or  original  German  stories,  which 
were  written  by  authors  little  known  under  the  inspiration 
of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

Among  these  minor  writers  there  are  two  very  distinct 
imitators  which  deserve  special  attention.  They  are  "Sir 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  69 

John  Kettcliffe "  —  not  the  original,  but  an  imitator  whose 
real  name  was  Bernhard  Hesslein,85  (Hamburg,  1818-1882, 
Friedrichshagen  bei  Berlin),  journalist  and  writer  of  short 
stories,  and  Ludwig  Gothe,85  (Potsdam,  1835-1881,  Moabit 
bei  Berlin),  who  through  the  help  of  Fanny  Lewald  became 
a  writer  of  sketches  for  the  newspapers  and  later  of  novels. 

(a)     "Rettcliffe",  or  Hesslein. 

Two  novels,  "Abraham  Lincoln"  and  "Jefferson 
Davis"  ,SG  by  Hesslein,  were  influenced  by  Mrs.  Stowe.  In 
the  former  the  influence  is  not  as  marked  as  in  the  latter, 
except  that  the  name  "Eva"  is  used  for  one  of  the  char 
acters.  The  second  may  be  justly  called  an  imitation.  It  is 
divided  into  three  parts:  1,  "Der  Teufel  von  Five  Points"; 
2,  "Der  Negerbaron";  3,  "Das  weisse  Haus";  and  pre 
sents  a  continuation  of  the  life  of  Uncle  Tom.  The  author 
attempts  to  show  the  social  and  political  conditions  in  the 
United  States  shortly  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War. 
The  portrayal  of  the  life  is  as  the  author  conceives  it  from 
his  reading  of  contemporary  books — not  from  observation. 
He  quotes  Cooper 's  North  America  and  Kapp's  History  of 
Slavery,  but  it  is  Mrs.  Stowe  whom  he  follows  in  delineation 
of  character  and  expression  of  sentiment. 

The  scene  is  first  laid  in  New  York,  then  in  the  West 
and  lastly  in  the  Capitol.  In  the  first  part,  life  in  New  York, 
particularly  in  that  part  known  as  the  "Five  Points",  is 
described  in  detail;  together  with  the  work  of  the  aboli 
tionists  in  their  cause,  and  the  risks  and  dangers  which  they 
experienced  in  consequence  of  efforts  to  aid  fugitive  slaves. 
The  principal  negro  character  is  that  of  Uncle  Tob,  or  Mr. 
Tobias  Jonathan,  as  he  humbly  requests  to  be  called,  point 
ing  to  his  certificate  of  freedom.  He  is  a  co-worker  of  the 
abolitionists  and  a  strong  friend  of  the  slaves,  and  in  his 

K  Fr.  Briimmer,  Lex.  deu.  Dichter  u.  Prosaisten  d.  19.  Jhts.,  2  Bde.,  Lpz., 
Reclam,  1896. 

"J.  D.  social-pout.  Eoman  «.  d.  amerilc.  Biirgerlcrieg,  v.  Bernhard  Hess 
lein,  Lpz.,  1866-7. 


70  UNCLE  TOM^S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

role  of  preacher  he  finds  more  than  one  way  to  aid  them. 
He  lives  in  a  house  which  has  underground  passages  and 
rooms,  in  which  he  hides  his  friends,  or  imprisons  the  en 
emies  to  the  cause  of  freedom.  He  is  a  Christian,  but  does 
not  hesitate  to  shoot  down  his  foe  when  it  is  necessary  to 
save  his  own  life  or  that  of  a  friend.  He  quotes  the  Bible 
frequently,  and  in  ordinary  circumstances  is  quiet  and 
thoughtful  like  Uncle  Tom,  but  when  occasion  for  action 
comes  he  shows  Uncle  Tom's  strength  and  coolness. 

Uncle  Tob's  wife  is  Dinah,  not  the  proud  and  self- 
sufficient  Dinah  of  the  St.  Clare  kitchen,  but  a  broken 
hearted  mulatto  woman,  who  continually  grieves  for  her 
little  Eva,  who  was  torn  from  her  and  sold  into  slavery. 

Bob,  Uncle  Tob's  youngest  child,  is  still  held  in 
slavery.  He  is  the  Topsy  of  the  story,  and  is  called  a 
monkey  by  his  master,  and  he  seems  one  generally,  but  be 
hind  the  mischief  and  deviltry  is  an  extreme  hatred  of  the 
white  oppressors,  and  a  feeling  of  revenge  for  the  sufferings 
of  his  race,  which  he  cold-bloodedly  puts  into  action  when 
ever  he  has  an  opportunity.  His  pranks  continually  amuse 
and  his  mocking  laugh  follows  the  reader,  but,  though  he  is 
a  much  more  intelligent  character  than  Topsy,  he  is  a  very 
improbable  one. 

Eliza  is  here  called  Ella,  She  is  a  mulatto  girl  who 
has  been  stolen  from  her  home  by  a  slave-dealer,  and  res 
cued  by  Uncle  Tob  and  Bob  after  the  latter  killed  the  son 
of  her  master  in  her  protection.  For  this  crime  she  is  ac 
cused.  The  slave-trader  and  her  master  are  drugged  and 
imprisoned  by  Uncle  Tob,  and  when  the  house  is  searched, 
she  is  hidden  in  a  secret  underground  room,  and  later  res 
cued  by  her  father,  a  white  Abolitionist.  This  search  by  the 
police  is  a  counterpart  of  the  attack  upon  the  fugitives  in 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.  In  both  situations  the  leader  of  the 
attacking  party  is  killed,  and  the  fugitives  barely  escape. 
In  character  Ella  is  represented  like  Eliza,  resolute  in  face 
of  danger,  although  somewhat  younger. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  71 

Bianka,  the  wife  of  an  abolitionist,  reminds  us  of  Mrs. 
St.  Clare.  She  is  impressionable,  high-spirited,  or  fretful 
and  despondent  according  to  mood;  and  in  the  wild  grief 
over  the  loss  of  her  child,  Alice,  she  is  particularly  like  Mrs. 
Stowe 's  character.  Her  husband  is  not  as  lighthearted  as 
Mr.  St.  Clare,  but  a  man  of  the  type  of  Mr.  Shelby,  and  he 
is  put  in  the  same  trying  circumstances  as  Mr.  Shelby 
through  the  lack  of  money. 

In  the  second  and  third  parts  we  have  new  characters 
added  and  the  scene  changes  to  Kansas.  Here  we  see  the 
influence  of  Mrs.  Stowe  in  the  sad  story  of  Cassy.  She  is 
here,  as  in  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  the  daughter  of  a  slave 
owner.  She  flees  from  home  on  account  of  ill-treatment,  but 
is  captured  and  on  the  death  of  her  master,  is  sold.  She  is 
again  cruelly  treated,  is  imprisoned,  but  at  last  escapes.  A 
third  time  she  is  recaptured  after  a  long  search  and  is  sold 
to  a  lenient  mistress,  who  sets  her  free.  This  character  is  a 
faithful  copy  of  Mrs.  Stowe 's  Cassy. 

The  name  Chloe  is  also  used,  but  not  in  an  important 
role.  She  is  the  cook  in  the  Western  cabin. 

The  slave  auction  is  twice  described  in  the  exact  man 
ner  of  Mrs.  Stowe.  The  sentiment  is  the  same.  Reflections 
on  the  conditions  of  North  and  South  are  frequently  intro 
duced,  and  the  whole  "tendenz"  of  the  book  is  that  of  Mrs. 
Stowe,  although  it  lacks  truth  to  nature,  which  can  be  ac 
counted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  author  wrote  from  what  he 
had  read  and  from  his  own  imagination. 

Uncle  Tob  is  Uncle  Tom  freed  and  transplanted  to 
New  York;  Bob  is  Topsy;  Ella  is  Eliza;  and  many  other 
comparisons  might  be  drawn.  The  book  was  published,  con 
fessing  its  dependence  upon  Mrs.  Stowe.  We  find  on  the 
reverse  side  of  the  title  page  this  note: 

"Die  Verfasserin  von  Onkel  Tom  gestand,  dass  ihr  be- 
riihmtes  Werk  nur  eine  unvollstandige  Schilderung  der 
Sklaverei  enthalte,  und  zwar  deshalb,  weil  diese  in  vielen 
ihrer  Wirkungen  mit  solchen  Schrecknissen  verbunden  sei, 


72  UNCLE  TOM?S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

dass  ihre  Enthiillungen  sich  fiir  die  Zwecke  der  Kunst  nicht 
eignen. — Der  Verfasser  dieses  Werkes  aber  glaubt  jede 
Rucksicht,  welche  das  entsetzliclie  Institut  nicht  in  seiner 
ganzen  Schandlichkeit  erscheinen  lasst,  bei  Seite  legen,  ohne 
deshalb,  wie  er  hofft,  das  asthetische  Gefiihl  seiner  Leser 
beleidigen  zu  miissen." 

Added  at  the  end  of  the  last  volume  we  find  a  review 
reprinted  from  the  Magdeburger  Presse,  which  tries  to 
show  that  the  story  is  more  true  to  life  than  that  of  Mrs. 
Stowe.  The  reviewer  can  also  judge  only  from  a  limited 
knowledge,  hence  the  opinion.  The  critic  concludes : 

"Zu  Frau  Stowe 's  Buch  steht  das  vorliegende  in  dem 
Verhaltniss,  wie  die  vollendete  Handlung  zu  den  Zweifeln 
und  Kampfen,  aus  denen  sie  hervorgegangen.  Jenes  Werk 
wirft  seinen  Schatten  gewissermassen  vor  sich  her,  es  steht 
vor  dem  Abschluss  der  welthistorischen  Katastrophe  und 
schliesst  daher  mit  einem  schrillen  Missklang. 

"Unserm  Verfasser  haben  inzwischen  die  Ereignisse 
vorgearbeitet,  und  wir  zweifeln  nicht,  dass  sein  Roman  ei- 
nen  Abschluss  erhalten  wird,  der  den  Leser  durch  den  Hin- 
weis  auf  den  Umschwung  der  Gegenwart  und  die  Aussichten 
der  Zukunft  mit  der  Vergangenheit  aussohnen  wird.'? 

(b)  Gothe. 

"Am  Red  River  oder  Sklavenleben  in  Nord-Amerika,87 
and  Die  Maron-Neger,88  by  L.  Gothe. " 

In  these  four  volumes  we  are  told  the  history  and  ex 
periences  of  a  German  family  who  lived  in  New  Orleans, 
but  on  the  disappearance  and  reputed  death  of  the  father, 
were  sold  into  slavery  as  quadroons.  The  life  and  suffering 
of  each  is  told  in  detail  and  the  evils  and  injustice  of  slavery 
are  dwelt  upon  in  description  and  discussion  at  every  op 
portunity.  In  order  to  lead  the  story  to  a  happy  conclusion 


87  Am  Red  Ewer,  etc.,  Erz'dhlung  aus  der  Gegenwart  nach  authent.  Mittei- 
lungen;  bearb.  v.  L.  Gothe;  2  thle.  Berl.  Lindow,  1862-3. 

88 Die  Maron-Neger,  oder  SJclavenemporung  am  Red  River,  v.  L.  Gothe;  2 
thle.,  Berl.  Lindow,  1864. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  73 

the  author  introduces  the  father  again  upon  the  scene  and 
reunites  the  family  in  freedom. 

The  names  of  the  characters  are  the  same  as  in  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin.  Eva  is  here  the  daughter  of  the  slave-trader, 
and  is  described  as  the  exact  opposite  of  the  gentle  creature 
which  Mrs.  Stowe  depicts.  She  is  a  child  of  about  the  same 
age,  but  hard-hearted,  exacting,  and  a  severe  mistress  to  her 
slaves.  She  aids  her  father  in  his  business  by  examining 
and  locking  the  chains  upon  the  slaves,  and  he  depends  upon 
her  judgment  in  buying  and  selling.  Eliza  is  in  some  re 
spects  similar  to  the  Eliza  of  Mrs.  Stowe 's  book.  She  is  a 
quiet  girl  of  considerable  refinement,  who  suffers  much  as 
a  slave,  but  she  is  not  placed  in  situations  which  require 
great  decisions  and  courage.  She  does  not  play  as  important 
a  role  as  does  Harriet  de  Belleville.  The  author  evidently 
chose  the  Christian  name  of  Mrs.  Stowe  for  one  of  his  char 
acters  with  purpose.  He  knew  that  her  name  was  widely 
known  and  that  her  life  was  also  familiar  to  all  parts  of  the 
reading  world.  A  slave-mistress  of  the  South  so  named 
would  be  all  the  more  striking  in  a  novel,  because  of  the 
contrast  with  Mrs.  Stowe.  This  is  the  author's  purpose. 
He  shows  us  Harriet  de  Belleville,  instead  of  the  quiet, 
gentle,  earnest  Harriet  Beecher-Stowe,  an  unnaturally  cruel 
and  revengeful  woman — utterly  without  principle,  who 
makes  the  lives  of  her  slaves  the  hardest  possible,  with 
severe  and  continual  punishment.  Her  cruelty  is  known  for 
miles  around,  and  to  be  bought  by  her  is  considered  the 
greatest  misfortune  that  could  come  to  a  slave. 

The  name  Eliza  is  spelled  in  the  English  manner,  as 
are  Harriet  and  Eva.  These  names  were  known  to  every 
reader  through  Uncle  Tom,  and  we  may  safely  conclude  that 
they  were  taken  from  the  book  with  the  purpose  of  making 
the  story  more  attractive  and  popular. 

The  character  of  Arthur,  the  eldest  of  the  separated 
family,  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Uncle  Tom.  He  is 
misused,  and  suffers  silently  and  uncomplainingly,  because 


74  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

he  loves  his  mistress.  Tom  is  whipped  to  death,  earth]y 
freedom  coming  too  late;  Arthur  nearly  dies  of  fever  and 
imprisonment,  but  is  rescued  and  made  free  by  his  con 
science-stricken  mistress.  He  is  one  of  the  principal  char 
acters  of  the  sequel,  around  whom  his  mistress,  Isabella  de 
Zarates,  his  sisters  and  brothers  are  grouped. 

The  slave-trader,  compared  to  Haley  and  Legree,  shows 
some  differences.  He  is  not  openly  as  cruel  and  hateful  to 
ward  his  slaves,  for  he  wishes  to  be  known,  for  trade's  sake, 
as  a  very  humane  and  religious  man,  but  in  reality  his  treat 
ment  is  little  better  than  that  of  Legree,  except  that  he  un 
derstands  perfectly  well  that  excessive  cruelty  diminishes 
the  selling  value  of  "feine  Waare". 

The  death  of  little  Eva  seems  to  have  impressed  itself 
upon  the  author,  for  in  the  last  chapter  he  portrays  the 
death  of  Maria  in  a  similar  manner.  One  cannot  read  this 
scene  without  seeing  clearly  the  influence  of  Mrs.  Stowe, 
but  the  picture  is  by  no  means  as  skillfully  drawn. 

The  religious  element  enters  into  the  story  to  much 
the  same  extent  as  in  Uncle  Tom,  but  in  a  somewhat  differ 
ent  manner.  One  of  the  principal  slave-owners  is  Isabella 
de  Zarates,  a  young  Creole.  She  falls  in  love  with  Arthur, 
her  slave ;  and  since  she  dare  not  marry  him,  she  seeks  the 
advice  of  an  old  priest,  who  tells  her  to  reunite  the  whole 
family  in  gratitude  to  Arthur,  for  having  saved  her  life  in 
an  insurrection  of  the  "Maron-Neger",  and  so  win  peace 
for  her  troubled  conscience.  Mr.  Shelby's  mind  is  not  at 
rest  when  he  sells  Tom,  and  Mr.  St.  Clare  is  uneasy  regard 
ing  the  future  of  his  slaves.  The  element  of  a  dissatisfied 
conscience  thus  enters  into  both  books. 

Each  of  the  members  of  the  enslaved  family  have  the 
religious  sentiment  deepened  through  their  experiences,  and 
in  the  last  scene  they  all  unite  in  the  hymn  "Nun  danket  alle 
Gott!" 

False  religion  is  shown  in  the  slave-trader  who  treats 
his  slaves  like  animals,  "common  and  fine  wares",  yet  sends 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  75 

rich  presents  to  the  church  to  ensure  future  happiness.  In 
other  contemporary  novels  of  this  character  the  religious 
element  is  not  so  strong  as  here ;  and  since  this  is  one  of  the 
distinctive  features  of  Uncle  Tom,  we  may  conclude  that  the 
author  consciously  incorporated  it  into  his  story. 

Hand  in  hand  with  the  religious  goes  the  anti-slavery 
element,  which  is  shown  in  the  expressions  of  the  slaves  and 
in  the  general  atmosphere  of  the  book.  The  slaves  fre 
quently  exclaim,  "0  diese  Tyrannei!"  "Ach,  die  Sklave- 
rei!M  and  descriptions  of  the  sufferings  of  the  slaves  show 
the  anti-slavery  spirit.  The  Southern  attitude  toward  Abol 
ition  is  also  clearly  defined.  America  is  spoken  of  as  "das 
freie  Amerika"  in  irony,  and  the  slaveship  flies  the  Stars 
and  Stripes,  "the  symbol  of  freedom  over  chained  slaves". 

The  motive  of  separation  of  family  plays  an  important 
part  and  some  of  the  scenes  are  equally  as  pitiful  as  in 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  but  always  overdrawn. 

In  the  negro  dialect  the  author  has  imitated  Mrs.  Stowe 
very  well.  If  translated  into  English  the  expressions  of  the 
slaves  might  easily  be  put  into  the  mouths  of  the  negroes  in 
Uncle  Tom. 

We  may  conclude,  therefore,  that  the  novel  was  written 
under  the  inspiration  and  influence  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin, 
by  a  writer  who  hoped  to  share  in  the  popularity  of  novels  of 
slave-life,  which  had  been  caused  by  the  many  translations 
of  Mrs.  Stowe 's  book;  and  that  he  is  dependent  upon  it  for 
some  of  the  characters,  for  the  religious  and  anti-slavery 
elements,  and  for  the  general  description  of  slave-life.89 

(c)     Other  Minor  Writers. 

(1)  Eine  Nichte  Uncle  Tom's,  nach  J.  Earner's  Denk- 
iviirdigkeiten  erzahlt  von  Dr.  Majo  (Stuttg.,  1854).  Al 
though  the  story  has  no  connection  with  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin, 


Cf.  Review  in  Bl  f.  lit.  Unterh.,  1863,  No.  23,  p.  422,  June  4. 


76  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

yet  the  name  is  used  for  its  title.    In  GrenzbotenQO  we  find  a 
notice  of  the  book : 

"Warum  der  Verfasser  auf  dem  Titel  eigentlich  an 
den  Uncle  Tom  erinnert  ist  uns  nicht  dentlich.  Dass  eine 
Negerin  die  zweite  Eolle  darin  spielt,  ist  doch  wohl  kein  hin- 
reichender  Grund. ' 9 

(2)  "Sklavenleben  in  Amerika,  oder  ivunderbare  Le- 
bensschicksale  eines  auf  britischem  Gebiet   entJcommenen 
ehemaligen  Negersklaven,  namens  John  Brown,  nach  dessen 
eigenen  Worten.deutsch  iviedererzahlt,  sowie  mit  einer  Ein- 
leitung  iiber  den  dermaligen  Stand  der  Sklavenfrage  ver- 
sehen  von  Dr.  Chr.  Fr.  Grieb  (Stuttg.,  1855 )." 

This  is  a  strong  anti-slavery  book.  The  character  of 
John  Brown  is  treated  in  somewhat  the  same  manner  as 
Uncle  Tom.  He  is  a  quiet,  inoffensive  negro  of  religious 
nature,  who  is  sold  and  ill-treated  by  several  masters  and 
eventually  attains  freedom.  The  great  excitement  which 
followed  in  the  wake  of  Uncle  Tom  accounts  for  this  book. 
The  author  wished  to  show  conditions  in  the  United  States 
in  all  their  barbarity,  and  as  he  believed  Mrs.  Stowe  had  to 
some  extent  refrained  from  doing.  The  fact  of  her  influence 
here  is  proved  from  the  words  of  the  author : 

"Frau  Stowe  hat  der  Welt  die  Grauel  der  Sklaverei 
einigermassen  enthiillt ;  ganz  aber  ist  durch  sie  der  Schleier 
nicht  geliiftet  worden.  Ich  meine  es  muss  ihr  viel  mehr  be- 
kannt  sein,  als  sie  gesagt  hat.  Was  mich  betrifft,  so  weiss 
ich  mehr,  als  ich  zu  sagen  wage."91 

(3)  Mark  Sutherland,  oder  die  Wege  der  Vorsehung. 
Original-Roman  von  Aug.  Schrader  (Leipzig,  1856). 92 

In  the  introduction  to  this  narrative  Schrader  tells  us : 


90 1855,  III,  p.  173;  cf.  also  Bl.  f.  lit.  Unterh.,  1854,  p.  259.  Story  pub.  in 
Mannh.  Unterh.  BL,  1855,  No.  155,  July  5,  to  No.  182,  Aug.  2,  and  reviewed  in 
same  1854,  No.  20,  Jan.  25. 

81  P.  63. 

93  Aug.  Schrader,  formerly  Simmel  (Wegeleben  bei  Halberstadt,  1815- 
1878,  Leipzig),  translator  and  tutor  of  modern  languages. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  77 

"Die  Verfasserin  von  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte  versprach  ein 
Buch  unter  dem  Titel  Mark  Sutherland  zu  liefern,  nach  dem 
ihr  erstes  Werk  fast  beispiellosen  Erfolg  gehabt  hat.  Man 
harrte  jedoch  vergebens  auf  die  Erfiillung  dieses  Verspre- 
chens.  Ermutigt  durch  die  freundliche  Aufnahme  meines 
Werkes,  Die  Braut  von  Louisiana,  fasste  ich  den  Entschluss, 
das  von  der  Amerikanerin  angeregte  Thema  zu  bearbeiten, 
und  der  Braut  von  Louisiana  einen  Nachf  olger  zu  geben.  Es 
war  von  Anfang  nicht  meine  Absicht  einen  Sklavenroman 
zu  schreiben,  wie  er  eine  Zeitlang  zur  Mode  geworden,  und 
wie  er  in  mannigfaltigen  Nachahmungen  von  Onkel  Tom's 
Hutte  erschienen  ist,  sondern  ich  wollte  ein  Werk  liefern, 
das  die  deutschen  Leser  mit  den  Sitten  und  Gebrauchen  der 
Nationen  jenseits  des  Meeres  bekannt  macht.  Ich  erlaube 
mir  daher  zu  bemerken,  dass  mein  Werk  nur  eine  rein  un- 
terhaltende  von  jeder  Tendenz  feme  Lecture  liefern  soil. 
Mein  Roman  ist  also  kein  Pendant  zu  Onkel  Tom's  Hutte, 
sondern  ein  Seitenstiick  zu  der  Braut  von  Louisiana." 

It  is  granted  that  the  book  is  not  a  direct  imitation  of 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  but  was  doubtless  influenced  by  it  in 
the  character  of  "Joe",  who  resembles  Uncle  Tom.  A  re 
viewer  also  mentions  this  fact  :ua 

"Die  schandliche,  unmenschliche  Behandlung  des  Skla- 
ven  'Joe'  erinnert  uns,  wenigstens  an  einiges  was  wir  in 
Onkel  Tom's  Hutte  gelesen,  und  obwohl  es  uns  unbegreiflich 
ist  wie  Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe  mit  diesem  Werke  soldi  einen  Er- 
folg  erzielen  konnte,  so  lassen  wir  doch  der  Amerikanerin 
gern  die  Gerechtigkeit  widerfahren,  dass  sie  sich  nur  auf 
Schilderungen  einliess,  die  eine  genaue  Kenntniss  ihres  Va- 
terlandes  beweisen,  was  man  jedoch  von  Schrader  nicht  sa- 
gen  kann ;  er  kennt  Amerika  bios  aus  Biichern. ' ' 

(4)  Aus  Amerika,  von  Julius  Frobel  (Leipzig,  1856). 
Julius  Frobel  (1805-?)  was  a  brother  of  the  well-known 
pedagogue,  Friedrich  Frobel.  He  went  to  America  in  1849, 

"Bl.  f.  lit.  Unterh.,  1857,  No.  27,  July  1,  Emanuel  Rauff. 


78  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

and  was  engaged  in  business  in  New  York,  San  Francisco 
and  other  cities  until  1857,  thus  experiencing  the  excitement 
over  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law  and  the  following  discussions 
of  slavery,  which  he  reflects  in  his  book.  His  attitude  is 
the  same  as  that  of  Mrs.  Stowe. 

(5)  Der  Amerika-Miide.  Amerikanisches  Kulturbild 
von  Ferdinand  Kurnberger  (Frankfurt  am  Main,  1856).* 
This  is  a  book  of  sketches  of  American  life,  in  which  the 
subject  of  slavery  is  much  discussed.  Abolitionists  are  men 
tioned  by  name  and  are  described,  and  the  Quakers  are  men 
tioned  as  people  who  aided  fugitive  slaves.  A  drama  is 
described  in  which  slave-traders,  abolitionists  and  slaves 
figure.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  this  play  is 
named  Mrs.  Drake  Harriet  Store,  which  was  probably 
chosen  to  suggest  Mrs.  Stoive;  and  it  may  be  that  the  play 
referred  to  was  the  dramatization  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  as 
the  plot  consists  of  the  attempted  capture  and  escape  of  a 
mulatto  woman.  Later  in  the  book  a  dance  is  described  in 
which  Uncle  Tom  figures  as  one  of  the  musicians.  An 
other  character,  the  negro  Scipio,  resembles  closely  St. 
Clare's  valet. 

These  facts  show  that  Kiirnberger  knew  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin,  and  made  use  of  the  characters,  names,  and  to  some 
extent,  the  plot.  It  is  a  book  of  one  who  had  not  been  in 
America,  but  as  many  others  drew  for  his  information  upon 
the  sources  at  hand  in  the  much-read  books  describing 
American  life. 

(6)  Pilgerfahrt  nach  den  Vereinigten  Stoat  en  von 
Nord-Amerika.  Enthaltend  Skizzen  uber  die  dortigen  soci- 
alen  und  politischen  Zustande  wahrend  der  Jahre  1849-1856 
von  C.  B.  A.  Warnefried.  (Koln,  1857.) 

Here  another  writer  attempts  to  describe  America  and 
its  social  life,  and  gleaned  his  knowledge  from  books — 
among  which  Uncle  Tom  appears  to  be  freely  used. 

*Cf.,    G.    A.    Mulfingcr,    Ferd.    Kurnberger 's  Eoman,  Der  AmeriTcamude 
(German  American  Annals,  Vol  I). 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  79 

(7)  Briefe  aus  und  iiber  die  Vereinigten  Staaten  von 
Nord-Amerika  an  Freunde  in  der  Heimat  in  g eogr aphis cher, 
statistischer,  landivirtschaftlicher,  indwstrieller,  commerciel- 
ler,  politischer  und  socialer  Beziehung,  von  Karl  Schmidt 
(Altenburg,  1857). 

The  author  of  these  letters  appears  to  have  been  a  native 
of  Leipzig,  who  spent  two  years  (1854-1856)  in  America  in 
order  to  write  a  book.  He  says  that  he  visited  five  States 
of  the  Union,  but  two  of  the  five  only  by  riding  through 
them  by  train — and  yet  he  writes  a  book  on  America  with 
the  above  imposing  title ! 

He  speaks  of  his  acquaintance  with  Mrs.  Stowe  and  of 
his  friends  Charles  Sunnier  and  Theodore  Parker.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  this  writer  wished  to  write  something 
"popular",  and  the  book  is,  strictly  speaking,  a  collection 
of  the  opinions  of  the  day  gathered  from  books  and  news 
papers  rather  than  from  personal  observation  and  experi 
ence.  The  sentiments  in  regard  to  slavery  are  those  ex 
pressed  by  the  anti-slavery  leaders,  and  since  he  avows  an 
acquaintance  with  Mrs.  Stowe,  we  may  be  sure  that  he  was 
influenced  by  her. 

(8)  Lebende  Bilder  aus  Amerika,  etc.  (Tullingen,  1858), 
and  Freiheit  und  Sklaverei  unter  dem  Sternenbanner ,  oder 
Land  und  Leute  in  Amerika  (Stuttg.,  1862). 

Both  of  these  books  are  by  Karl  Theodor  Griesinger, 
who  went  to  America  in  1852  because  politics  became  un 
pleasant  for  him  at  home,  and  five  years  later  returned  to 
Stuttgart  and  began  to  write  stories  derived  from  his  ex 
periences.  He  is  an  ardent  sympathizer  with  the  North, 
and,  therefore,  could  not  escape  the  wide-spreading  influence 
of  Uncle  Tom. 

(9)  Sklaverei  und  Freiheit  von  Ottilie  Ossing  (Ham 
burg,  1860).    This  is  the  work  of  a  German  woman  in  New 
York,  who  tried  to  write  a  second  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.    She 
had  read  the  North  Star,  a  paper  of  which  the  former  slave, 
Frederick  Douglas,  was  editor,  and  conceived  the  idea  of 


80  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

writing  the  story  of  his  life  to  help  the  anti-slavery  cause, 
as  Uncle  Tom  had  done.  The  treatment  of  the  slavery 
question  and  the  religious  attitude  is  the  same,  and  the  suf 
ferings  of  Douglas  are  described  in  a  very  similar  manner. 
The  purpose  is  the  same  which  inspired  Mrs.  Stowe,  and  the 
•story  may  be  called  a  direct  imitation.  In  Unterhalt'ungen 
am  hduslichen  Herd,  Fr.  Biedermann  says  in  his  criticism: 
"Die  einfache,  schmucklose  Darstellung  dieses  wirklichen 
Sklavenlebens  gibt  ein  nicht  minder  ergreifendes,  durch  je- 
den  Wegfall  romantischen  Aufputzes,  indess  noch  viel 
scharferes  Bild  des  amerikanischen  Sklaventums  als  dessen 
bisherige  Schilderungen  in  Beecher-Stowe's  Onkel  Tom's 
Hutte."94 

(10)  Sklaverei  in  Amerika,  oder  schwarzes  Blut,  von 
Armand  (1862).95     Strubberg  or  "Armand"  had  travelled 
in  America,  especially  in  the  South,  and  had  ample  oppor 
tunity  and  ability  to  write  a  novel  of  this  kind  without  help. 
In  this  and  in  his  other  stories  of  American  life,  it  may  be 
that  he  is  independent  of  Mrs.  Stowe ;  but  as  he  borrowed 
from  Cooper  we  may  reasonably  suppose  that  he  borrowed 
also  from  Mrs.  Stowe. 

(11)  Die  Hamburger  in  Amerika.    Romantisch-politi- 
sches  Gemdlde  aus  der  Gegenwart  und  jungsten  Vergangen- 
heit  von  Moritz  Reichenbach  (Hamburg,  1864). 

Moritz  Eeichenbach  (1804-1870)  was  an  actor  and 
writer  of  popular  literature  in  Hamburg.  He  shows  us 
here  a  series  of  critical  situations  and  narrow  escapes,  of 
which  one  of  the  most  striking  is  that  in  which  a  young  mu 
latto  woman,  fleeing  with  her  lover,  is  pursued  by  slave- 
hunters  and  swims  across  a  river.  This  is  a  weird  scene  and 
is  so  similar  in  general  outline  and  in  detail  as  to  remind 
the  reader  at  once  of  Eliza  crossing  the  Ohio.  The  author 
had  never  been  in  America,  and  we  recognize  the  fact  in  the 


94 1859,  No.  60,  p.  771-774. 

W3  Bde.,  1.  Quadrone,  2.  Mulattin,  3.  Negerin. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITEEATUKE  81 

descriptions  of  slave-life.  The  book  is  essentially  that  of 
a  sympathizer  with  the  anti- slavery  movement  as  well  as  of 
a  writer  of  popular  stories,  and  its  dependence  upon  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin  is  clear,  although  the  book  is  not  mentioned. 

(12)  Weiss  und  Schwarz.    Historische  Erz'Mung  aus 
der  erst  en  Zeit  des  Sonderbundkrieges  in  Nordamerika,  von 
Friedr.  Wilhelm  Arming  (Leipzig,  2  Bde.,  1865).  This  is  the 
only  example  of  a  book  written  in  favor  of  the  South.    It  is 
an  imitation  of  those  written  in  opposition  to  Uncle  Tom— 
such  as  Aunt  Phillis'  Cabin,  Tit  for  Tat,  etc. 

(13)  Amerikanische     Lebensbilder,     oder     Erlebnisse 
deut  seller  Awswanderer  in  Amerika,  geschildert  von  Luise 
Weil  (Stuttg.,  1865). 

The  first  story  in  this  collection  is  entitled  the  Deut- 
scher  Sklavenhalter.  Haller,  a  Southern  slaveholder  sells 
his  slave-daughter,  Nelly,  and  separates  her  from  her  lover, 
Harry.  She  flees  with  Dinah,  an  old  slave,  and  is  sheltered 
by  Onkel  Levi  and  Tante  Katy,  Quakers — a  situation  the 
same  as  that  of  Eliza.  The  old  Quaker  publishes  the  story 
in  a  newspaper,  but  says  that  the  girl  sought  death  in  the 
Eed  River  rather  than  be  a  slave,  and  thus  Harry  is  able  to 
trace  her.  The  outline  of  the  story  and  the  situations  are 
entirely  dependent  upon  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  and  the  names 
Harry,  Dinah  and  Nelly  are  used  for  George,  Chloe  and 
Eliza. 

(14)  Der    Sklavenhdndler.     Original-Roman    aus    den 
Papier  en  eines  Tourist  en,  von  Ludwig  Heinrich  (Breslau, 
1867). 

Slave  trade  in  South  America  is  described  in  the  neigh 
borhood  of  Rio  Janeiro.  The  condition  of  the  negroes  is 
graphically  pictured,  and  the  slave-dealer  is  a  man  of  more 
repulsive  nature  than  either  of  the  traders  in  Uncle  Tom. 

A  definite  influence  can  hardly  be  pointed  out,  but  the 
general  wave  of  interest  in  slavery,  caused  by  Mrs.  Stowe  's 
book,  no  doubt  was  the  inspiration  of  the  novel. 


82  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

(15)  Die  Konigm  der  Flusspirat'en,  historisch-roman- 
tische  Original-Novelle  von  Wilhelm  Schroter  (Leipzig,  2 
Bde.,  18—  I). 

The  beautiful  young  daughter  of  a  farmer  on  the  banks 
of  the  Ked  Eiver  is  captured  by  pirates  on  the  Mississippi 
and  kept  a  prisoner.  Her  name  is  Eva,  a  fact  which  at  once 
suggests  dependence  upon  Mrs.  Stowe.  The  author  de 
scribes  her  as  similar  in  character.  One  of  the  pirates  is 
named  "Tom",  and  he  is  a  man  who  is  not  entirely  in  sym 
pathy  with  his  companions,  for  he  aids  the  rescue  party  as 
much  as  he  dares,  and  acts  as  a  protector  to  Eva,  when  the 
other  pirates  threaten  her  harm. 

There  are  many  books  which  appeared  in  the  years 
1853  to  1870,  which  stood  under  the  general  wide-spread  in 
fluence  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  and  were  called  forth  by  the 
new  interest  in  America ;  but  the  above  examples  suffice  to 
show  that  the  sudden  popularity  of  the  slavery  question  led 
many  an  obscure  and  unknown  writer  to  venture  on  the 
subject,  and  even  those  who  had  no  ability  and  who  knew 
nothing  about  America,  except  what  they  had  read,  tried 
to  share  in  the  great  speculation  from  which  many,  espe 
cially  the  booksellers,  benefited  pecuniarily. 

4.    Juvenile  Literature. 

The  editions  for  children  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  were 
spoken  of  with  little  enthusiasm  by  some  of  the  critics.  The 
Preussische  Zeitung,  Berlin,96  does  not  find  the  book  "ein 
passender  Stoff  fur  jugendliche  Gemuter",  but  it  was  never 
theless  as  popular  with  the  young  as  it  was  with  the  old,  as 
the  number  of  abridgements  shows,97  The  people  who  read 
the  book  in  their  youth  remember  it  well  and  formed  their 
idea  of  life  in  the  Southern  States  from  the  descriptions; 
and  besides  this  the  book  exerted  so  great  an  influence,  in 


96 1852,  No.  287,  Dec.  10. 

97  Cf.,  also  Preuss.  Ztng.,  1853,  No.  116,  May  22.    Deu.  Mus.,  1853,  II,  No. 
47,  p.  772. 


INFLUENCE  ON  LITERATURE  83 

some  cases,  as  to  lead  the  readers  to  go  to  America.,  Of 
this  fact  we  have  been  assured  by  Germans  in  America,  as 
well  as  by  their  relatives  in  the  home  country. 

The  abridgement  by  Max  Schasler  is  spoken  of  as 
follows  :98 

"Die  Einfiihrung  einer  Erzahlung  in  der  Person  der 
'Tante  Marie ',  welche  ihren  Nichten,  'Katchen'  und  'Aen- 
chen',  so  wie  ihrem  Neffen,  'Georg',  die  Geschichte  Onkel 
Tom's  vorliest,  ware  gewiss  eine  gliickliche,  wenn  die  eng- 
lische  Original-Ausgabe  diesen  Personen  einen  grosseren 
Spielraum  gegeben  hatte.  Sie  treten  aber  nur  einmal,  am 
Anfange  auf,  und  verschwinden  dann  ganzlich.  Der  deut- 
sche  Bearbeiter  lasst  aber  daher  in  zweckmassiger  Art  diese 
Personen  bei  jeder  wichtigen  Epoche  der  Erzahlung  wieder 
auftreten  und  ihre  Ansichten  iiber  den  Inhalt  des  Gelesenen 
in  einer  Weise  mit  einander  austauschen,  dass  dadurch  fiir 
die  Enwickelung  der  Intelligenz  und  der  Sittlichkeit  der 
jugendlichen  Leser  ein  positives  Eesultat  erzielt  werde. 
Aucli  hat  er  Vieles,  was  iiber  den  Gesichtskreis  der  Jugend 
zu  weit  hinausging,  entweder  in  verstandlichere  Form  ge- 
bracht  oder  ganz  unterdriickt,  wie  besonders  die  oft  wieder- 
kehrenden  Gesprache  iiber  Sklaverei  mit  Riicksicht  auf  ihre 
politischen  und  anderweitigen  Folgen;  Fragen  die  fiir  ein 
Kind,  besonders  aber  fiir  ein  Kind  Deutschlands  mindes- 
tens  inhaltsleer  und  langweilig  sein  mussen.  Es 

ist  auch  eine  sehr  gliickliche  Wendung  am  Schlusse,  dass 
der  deutsche  Bearbeiter  den  guten,  ehrlichen  Tom  am  Ende 
fiir  seinen  christlichen  Mut  und  seine  Beharrlichkeit  geret- 
tet  werden  lasst.  Die  Bearbeitung  ist  ersichtlich  mit  grosser 
Sorgfalt,  der  man  die  Ubersetzung  nirgends  ausfiihlt,  und 
mit  anerkennenswerter  Reinheit  und  Kraft  der  Sprache 
durchgef  iihrt. ' ' 

We  have  seen  that  Uncle  Tom  was  imitated  by  the 
writers  of  the  day,  and  by  those  who  would  gladly  be  counted 
among  that  number,  and  it  is  a  very  natural  conclusion  to 


"Preuss.  Zing.,  1853,  No.  116,  May  22. 


84  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

reach,  that  also  in  the  juvenile  literature  there  were  imita 
tions.  We  have  only  to  name  a  few  of  these  to  prove  this : 

Der  schwarze  Sam,  oder  Menschenraub  in  America,  von 
Jul.  Hoffmann.  Eine  Erzahlung  fur  die  Jug  end  (Breslau, 
1854-1855) ;  Der  Sklave,  von  C.  Hildebrand,  fur  die  Jug  end 
(Leipzig,  1853) ;  Donawe,  oder  ScMcksale  eines  Negerslda- 
ven,  fur  die  Jug  end,  von  Phil.  Korber  (Niirnberg,  1856) ; 
Loango,  von  Fr.  Hoffmann  (Stuttg.,  1853) ;  und  Ein  Kongo 
Neger,  eine  Geschichte  aus  Sanct.  Domingo,  fur  die  Jugend, 
von  W.  D.  Horn  (Fr.  W.  Oriel,  Wiesbaden,  1854). 

These  are  only  examples  of  the  many  stories  for 
children  which  appeared  from  1852  to  1860,  and  under  the 
influence  of  this  new  kind  of  novel  the  story  of  slave-life. 


VII.     CONCLUSION. 

The  influence  of  anti-slavery,  represented  by  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin,  which  showed  itself  strongly  in  the  popular 
literature  of  the  day,  did  not  pass  over  the  people  at  large 
without  leaving  impressions  more  or  less  deep  behind.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  there  existed  in  Europe  as  in  America 
those  who  were  almost  fanatical  enthusiasts  over  anti- 
slavery,  but  the  general  impression  of  the  more  or  less  edu 
cated  was  that  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  United  States 
was  deeply  to  be  deplored,  and  all  efforts  at  betterment 
should  be  aided,  but  that  the  moral  applied  to  the  situation 
in  the  homeland  also.  This  is  the  tone  of  the  editorials. 

Heine  complained  twenty  years  before  the  appearance 
of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin-.  "0,  Freiheit!  Du  bist  ein  boser 
Traum!"  The  desire  to  reveal  society  in  its  true  light  in 
spired  Hacklander. 

The  opinions  of  readers  are  valuable.  George  Sand 
published  under  her  own  supervision  the  authorized  French 
version  of  the  book.  She  was  an  enthusiast,  and  her  entire 
circle  of  friends  could  not  escape  the  influence  of  her  inter- 


CONCLUSION  85 

est  and  enthusiasm  when  it  was  aroused.  She  says  of  Mrs. 
Stowe :" 

"Mrs.  Stowe  is  all  instinct;  it  is  the  very  reason  that 
she  appears  to  some  not  to  have  talent.  Has  she  not  talent? 
What  is  talent?  Nothing,  doubtless  compared  to  genius; 
but  has  she  genius?  I  cannot  say  that  she  has  talent,  as  one 
understands  it  in  the  world  of  letters;  but  she  has  genius, 
as  humanity  feels  the  need  of  genius — the  genius  of  good 
ness,  not  that  of  the  man  of  letters,  but  of  the  saint, — Pure, 
penetrating  and  profound,  the  spirit  which  thus  fathoms  the 
recesses  of  the  human  soul.  Noble,  generous  and  great  the 
heart  which  embraces  in  her  pity,  in  her  love,  an  entire  race, 
trodden  down  in  the  blood  and  mire  under  the  whip  of 
ruffians  and  maledictions  of  the  impious.  Thus  should  it  be, 
thus  should  we  value  things  ourselves.  We  feel  that  genius 
is  heart,  that  power  is  faith,  that  talent  is  sincerity,  and 
finally  that  success  is  sympathy,  since  this  book  overcomes 
us,  since  it  penetrates  the  breast,  pervades  the  spirit,  and 
fills  us  with  a  strange  sentiment  of  mingled  tenderness  and 
admiration  for  a  poor  negro  lacerated  by  blows,  prostrate 
in  the  dust,  there  gasping  on  a  miserable  pallet  his  last  sigh 
exhaled  toward  God." 

The  poet  Heine  admired  the  genius  of  George  Sand 
and  counted  her  among  his  friends,  and  it  is  probable  that 
this  authorized  French  version  was  the  Uncle  Tom  which 
he  read.  From  his  own  words  it  is  clear  that  his  feelings 
on  reading  the  story  were  sympathy  with  the  anti-slavery 
cause,  admiration  for  the  author,  who  had  had  the  courage 
to  attack  the  great  evil  which  was  continually  gnawing  at 
the  roots  of  society  in  America,  and  recognition  of  the  black 
man  as  a  human  being  and  a  spiritual  brother.  He  says  in 
his  Gestdndnisse.100 

"Nachdem  ich  mein  ganzes  Leben  hindurch  mich  auf 
alien  Tanzboden  der  Philosophic  herumgetrieben,  alien  Or- 


99  Old  South  Leaflets,  No.  82,  p.  18. 

™Heinrich  Heine,  Sammtliche  Werke;  hg.  v.  E.  Elster;  Bd.  6,  p.  54,  56, 
Bibl.  Inst. 


86  UNCLE  TOM^S  CABIN  IN  GEEMANY 

gien  des  Geistes  mich  hingegeben,  mit  alien  moglichen 
Systemen  gebuhlt,  ohne  befriedigt  worden  zu  sein,  wie  Mes- 
saline  nach  einer  liederlichen  Nacht,  jetzt  befinde  ich  mich 
plotzlich  auf  demselben  Standpunkt,  worauf  auch  der  Onkel 
Tom  steht;  auf  dem  der  Bibel,  und  ich  kniee  neben  dem 
schwarzen  Bruder  nieder  in  derselben  Andacht. 

"Welche  Demiitigung!  mit  all'  meiner  Wissenschaft 
habe  ich  es  nicht  weiter  gebracht,  als  der  arme  unwissende 
Neger,  der  kaum  buchstabieren  gelernt!  Der  arme  Tom 
scheint  freilich  in  dem  heiligen  Buche  noch  tiefere  Dingen 
zu  sehen,  als  ich  dem  besonders  die  letzte  Partie  noch  nicht 
ganz  klar  geworden. 

"Tom  versteht  sie  vielleicht  besser,  weil  mehr  Priigel 
darin  vorkommen,  namlich  jene  unaufhorlichen  Peitschen- 
hiebe,  die  mich  manchmal  bei  der  Lecture  der  Evangelien 
und  der  Apostelgeschichte  sehr  unasthetisch  anwiderten — 
so  ein  armer  Negersklave  liest  zugleich  mit  dem  Biicken, 
und  begreift  daher  viel  besser  als  wir.  Man  sieht, 

ich,  der  ich  ehemals  den  Homer  zu  citieren  pflegte,  ich  citiere 
jetzt  die  Bibel,  wie  der  Onkel  Tom." 

Emigration  to  America  was  influenced  not  only  by  the 
thought  of  the  day,  but  also  by  the  current  literature,  both 
original  and  translations.  The  disappointment  of  '48  led 
many  to  seek  in  the  New  World  the  ideal  of  liberty,  which 
they  had  failed  to  realize  at  home,  and  the  agitation  for  free 
dom  continued  by  the  anti-slavery  literature,  occasioned 
many  a  crossing  the  sea  to  fight  for  the  cause  either  in  public 
life  or  on  the  battlefield.  The  names  of  Carl  Schurz  and 
Franz  Sigel  among  many  others  will  always  be  recorded  in 
the  history  of  America  as  eminent  men,  who  helped  to  shape 
the  future  of  the  country.  Otto  von  Corvin,  a  leader  in  the 
Eevolution  of  '48,  was  in  America  during  the  Civil  War  and 
corresponded  during  that  period  for  the  Allgemeine  Zei- 
tung,  thus  keeping  his  friends  and  countrymen  in  close 
touch  with  the  struggle  which  had  won  their  sympathy. 

Had  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  not  been  written,  this  sym 
pathy  would  have  remained  passive  and  slow;  but  as  we 


CONCLUSION  87 

have  seen,  wherever  the  book  was  read,  it  awakened  an 
active  interest,  and  as  we  have  been  assured  by  many  whose 
relatives  and  friends  went  to  the  United  States  in  the  crit 
ical  period  before  the  war,  the  excitement  which  followed 
the  reading  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  was  one  of  the  factors 
which  worked  in  their  decision  to  make  the  journey. 

The  influence  of  Mrs.  Stowe's  book  in  Germany,  as 
traced  through  its  various  forms,  arriving  opportunely,  was 
a  force  which  could  not  be  restrained.  It  was  a  force  which 
showed  itself  in  the  vast  number  of  translations  and  edi 
tions  which  overwhelmed  the  book  market,  and  which  were 
not  restricted  merely  to  the  period  of  popularity  of  the 
book,  but  have  continued  to  appear  down  to  the  present 
year.  In  this  surprising  number  of  translations  are  found 
the  names  of  well-known  authors,  and  editions  published  for 
all  prices  and  all  kinds  of  readers. 

This  is  also  the  case  in  other  languages.  In  English 
the  editions  are  almost  numberless.  In  twenty-one  different 
languages  Uncle  Tom  has  appeared,  and  there  is  every  in 
dication  that  this  number  will  increase  in  years  to  come,  for 
the  sake  of  the  interest  in  the  book  itself,  although  the  work 
for  which  it  was  designed  has  long  been  accomplished. 

We  have  seen  the  influence  of  the  book  expressed  in  the 
public  indignation  and  pity  at  the  horrors  which  it  describes, 
in  notice,  criticism  and  review.  Some  are  incredulous  that 
such  barbarity  really  existed,  some  deplore  the  "Schwar- 
merei  fiir  das  Fremde",  but  the  great  majority  express  sym 
pathy  for  the  New  World  in  its  struggle  with  the  great 
problem,  and  admiration  for  Mrs.  Stowe,  who  lifted  the  veil 
from  the  situation  at  the  critical  moment. 

Hacklander's  book  may  be  called  the  German  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin,  in  that  his  purpose  was  that  of  Mrs.  Stowe, 
and  he  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to  her.  Auerbach 
was  influenced  in  portrayal  of  character,  and  in  his 
attitude  toward  slavery,  which  he  expresses  in  discussion 
and  situation.  The  almost  countless  minor  imitations  show 
how  deep  this  interest  in  America  aroused  by  Mrs.  Stowe 


88  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

had  reached.  The  public  wished  details,  further  knowledge, 
and  these  the  many  minor  writers  attempted  to  offer,  gener 
ally  merely  working  over  the  material  at  hand  instead  of 
presenting  new.  By  many  of  these  writers  Uncle  Tom  is 
recognized  as  their  inspiration,  but  by  others  it  is  con 
sciously  denied  in  order  to  escape  the  accusation.  Then,  too, 
the  wide-spread  presentation  of  the  story  in  dramatic  form 
shows  the  intensity  of  the  influence.  The  fact  that  it  was 
presented  in  Munich  thirty  times,  played  twice  daily,  gives 
a  picture  of  the  enthusiasm  for  the  play. 

In  time  "Uncle  Tom"  was  used  as  a  name  for  anything 
which  the  merchant  wished  to  make  popular,  and  even  now 
there  is  a  restaurant  in  the  suburbs  of  Berlin  which  bears 
the  name!  There  were  pictures  and  poems,  ballads  and 
dances,  by  the  name  and  illustrating  the  book,  and  satirists 
called  the  enthusiasm  "Onkel  Tommerei";  but  this  all 
serves  to  show  how  deep  was  the  wave  of  excitement  which 
came  over  the  Atlantic.  The  opinions  of  readers,  a  glance  at 
the  tide  of  immigration  shows  this  also,  and  it  is  safe  to  as 
sert  that  in  Germany  no  other  American  novel  has  been  as 
widely  read  by  all  classes  of  people,  and  has  had  so  great 
an  influence  as  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 


VIII.     APPENDIX. 

1.    List  of  Reviews  and  Notices  consulted, 
(a)    Reviews  and  Notices  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 
Allgemeine  Zeitung,  Augsburg. 

Beilage  1852,  No.  281,  October  7.     Long  review. 

Beilage  1852,  No.  282,  October  8.    Long  review. 

Beilage  1852,  No.  303,  October  29.  White  Slave  com 
pared  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

Beilage  1852,  No.  320,  November  15.  Biography  of 
Mrs.  Stowe. 

Beilage  1852,  No.  321,  November  16.  Biography  of 
Mrs.  Stowe. 

Beilage  1852,  No.  331,  November  26.  Publisher's  no 
tice. 

Ausserordentliche  Beilage  1852,  No.  351,  December  16. 
Review  of  Du  Bois  trans. 

Beilage  1852,  No.  495,  December  25.    Pub.  adv. 

Beilage  1853,  No.    95  April  5.    Theater. 

Beilage  1853,  No.  186,  July  5.    Mrs.  Stowe  in  Europe. 

Beilage  1853,  No.  233,  August  21.    Notice. 

Beilage  1853,  No.  250,  September  7.    Journey. 

Beilage  1853,  No.  260,  September  17.  Mentions  Mrs. 
Stowe. 

Beilage  1854,  No.  51,  February  20.    Notice. 

Das  Ausland.  Ein  Tageblatt  fur  Kunde  des  geistigen  und 
sittlichen  Lebens  der  Volker. 

1852,  II,  No.  237,  October  2,  p.  948.    Notice. 

1853, 1,  No.  21,  May  27,  p.  485.    Long  review. 

1853, 1,  No.  21,  May  27,  p.  489.    Notice. 

1854, 1,  No.  8,  February  24,  p.  180.  Notice  and  discuss, 
slavery. 

1854, 1,  No.  26,  June  30,  p.  622.    Notice. 

1854,  II,  No.  29,  July  4,  p.  695.    Notice. 

(89) 


90  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

1854,  II,  No.  34,  August  25,  p.  803.    Notice. 

1855,  II,  No.  33,  August  17,  p.  773.    Notice  and  discuss, 
slavery. 

Badische  Landeszeitung. 

1852,  No.  307,  December  30.    Notice. 

1853,  No.     6,  January  8.    Notice. 
1853,  No.  16,  January  20.    Notice. 
1853,  No.  31,  February  6.    Notice. 
1853,  No.  47,  February  25.    Verses. 
1853,  No.  69,  March  23.    Notice,  journey. 
1853,  No.  83,  April  10.    Notice,  journey. 
1853,  No.  99,  April  29.    Notice,  journey. 

1853,  No.  119,  May  25.    Mrs.  St.  personal  appear. 
1853,  No.  170,  July  24.    Notice,  journey. 
1853,  No.  187,  August  13.    Theater. 

1853,  No.  240,  October  16.    Notice,  journey. 

1854,  No.  66,  March  18.    Notice. 
1854,  No.  251,  October  27.    Notice. 

Blatter  fur  Literarische  Unterhaltung. 

1852,  II,  No.  52,  December  25,  p.  1239.    Notice. 

1853,  I,  No.  2,  January  8,  p.  35-6.    Long  review. 
1853, 1,  No.  24,  June  11.    Notice. 

1854, 1,  No.  6,  February  2,  p.  113.    Notice. 

1857, 1,  No.  27,  July  1.    Mention. 

1869,  II,  No.  39,  September  22,  p.  622.    Mention. 

Beilage  Blatter  zum  Heidelberger  Journal. 

1852,  No.  139,  November  14.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  4,  January  9.    Theater  notice. 
1853,  No.  9,  January  21.    Notice  and  mention. 
1853,  No.  40,  April  3. 

1853,  No.  65,  June  5.    Mrs.  Stowe  personal  appear. 
1853,  No.  125,  October  23.    Adv. 

Beilage  zum  Mainzer  Journal. 

1852,  No.  293,  December  10.    Notice. 


APPENDIX  91 

Das  Pfennig  Magazin. 
1852,  p.  492.    Review. 

1852,  p.  400.    Notice  and  critcism. 

Deutsches  Museum.    Zeitschrift  fiir  Lit.  Kunst,  u.  offentl. 

Leben,  hg.  v.  Robt.  Pruss,  Lpz. 
1853, 1,  No.  5,  p.  189.    Notice  and  Criticism. 

1853,  I,  No.  35,  p.  330.    Mrs.  St.  personal  appear. 
1853,  II,  No.  47,  p.  772.    Review  of  ed.  for  children. 

Europa.     Chronik  der  gebildeten  Welt,  hg.  v.  F.  Gustav 

Kiihne. 

1852,  No.  92,  November  11.  Notice. 
1852,  No.  96,  November  25.  Notice. 
1852,  No.  101,  December  16.  Notice. 

1852,  No.  103.    Pub.  notice. 

1853,  No.  2,  January  7.    Long  notice. 
1853,  No.  5,  p.  32.    Theater. 

1853,  No.  11,  February  3,  p.  88.    Theater. 
1853,  No.  14,  February  10,  p.  112.    Theater. 
1853,  No.  20,  p.  160.    Notice. 
1853,  No.  54,  p.  431.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  57,  p.  448.    Notice. 

1854,  No.  19,  March  2.    Notice. 

Frankfurter  Intelligenzblatt,  Frankfurt  a/M. 

1852,  2  Beil.,  No.  237,  October  6.    Adv. 

1852,  4  Beil.,  No.  261,  November  3.    Long  notice. 

1852,  3  Beil.,  No.  269,  November  12.    Notice. 

1852,  5  Beil.,  No.  283,  November  28.    Biography  Mrs. 
Stowe. 

1852,  3  Beil.,  No.  297,  December  15.    Adv. 

1852,  No.  302,  December  21.    Adv. 

1852,  No.  303,  December  22.    Adv.  and  notice. 

1852,  3  Beil.,  No.  308,  December  29.    Theater. 

1853,  4  Beil.,  No.  7,  January  7.    Theater. 
1853,  No.  8,  January  11.    Editorial  mention. 
1853,  2  Beil.,  No.  11,  January  14.    Notice. 


92  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

1853, 1  Beil.,  No.  20,  January  25.    Adv. 

1853,  4  Beil.,  No.  21,  January  26.    Notice,  theater. 

1853,  3  Beil.,  No.  35,  February  11. 

1853,  4  Beil.,  No.  41,  February  18.    Theater  adv. 

1853,  No.  42,  February  19.    Theater  adv. 

1853,  3  Beil.,  No.  127,  June  1.    Notice. 

Frankfurter    Konversationsblatt.    Belletristische    Beilage 
zur  Postzeitung. 

1852,  No.  272,  November  13,  p.  1088.    Eeview. 

1853,  No.  42,  February  17.    Theater  adv. 
1853,  No.  43,  February  19.    Theater  adv. 
1853,  No.  44,  February  21.    Theater  adv. 

Freiburger  Zeitung. 

1852,  No.  281,  November  26,  p.  1096.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  3,  January  4.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  43,  February  19,  p.  171-2.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  44,  February  20,  p.  174.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  50,  February  27,  p.  197.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  52,  March  2,  p.  205-6.    Eeview,  biography. 

1853,  No.  53,  March  3.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  56,  March  6.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  59,  March  10.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  60,  March  11.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  115,  May  15,  p.  476.    Notice. 

Gartenlaube. 

1853,  No.  3,  p.  32.    Short  review. 
1853,  No.  14,  p.  154.    Mention. 
1853,  No.  229,  p.  319.    Notice. 

Grenzboten. 

1852,  IV,  p.  479.    Theater  notice. 
1852,  IV,  p.  189-190.    Eeview. 
1852,  IV,  p.  317.    Eeview. 
1855, 1,  p.  411.    Notice. 


APPENDIX  93 

Illustrirte  Zeitung,  Leipzig. 

1852,  No.  483,  October  2.    Adv. 

1852,  No.  484,  October  9.    Notice  and  adv. 

1852,  No.  486.    Notice. 

1852,  No.  488,  November  27.    Notice. 

1852,  No.  491.    Poem  and  adv. 

1852,  No.  492,  December  4.    Adv. 

1852,  No.  495,  December  25.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  497,  January  8.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  499,  January  15.    Theater  and  notice. 

1853,  No.  500.    Adv.,  illustr. 

1853,  No.  506.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  509,  April  2.    Adv. 

1853,  No.  510,  April  9.    Adv. 

1853,  No.  511-520,  April  16,  June  18.    Illustr.  adv. 

1853,  No.  519,  June  11.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  528,  August  13.    Notice,  journey. 

1853,  No.  532,  September  10.    Music  and  Notice. 

1853,  No.  547,  December  24.    Adv. 

Konstanzer  Zeitung. 

1852,  Beil.,  No.  307.    December  24.    Adv. 

1853,  Beil.,  No.  147,  June  26.    Notice  in  discussion. 

Liter  aturblatt.    Menzel,  Stuttg. 

1853,  No.  2,  January  5,  p.  5,  ff.    Eeview. 

Magazinfiir  die  Literatur  des  Auslandes.  Berl.  J.  Lehmann. 

1852,  No.  138,  November  16,  p.  549-60.  Biography  and 
review. 

1852,  No.  139,  November  18,  p.  554-5.  Biography  and 
review. 

1852,  No.  144,  November  30,  p.  576.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  4,  January  8.    Notice  ed.  for  children. 
1853,  No.  56,  May  10.    Theater. 

1853,  No.  68,  June  7.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  70,  June  11.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  75,  June  23.    Mrs.  St.  personal  appear. 


94  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEEMANY 

1853,  No.  87,  July  21.    Notice. 
1853,  No.  121.    Mentions  U.  T.  C. 
1853,  No.  135.    Mentions  U.  T.  C. 

Malnzer  Journal. 

1852,  No.  283-286.    Theater  adv. 

1852,  No.  300.    Theater  adv. 

1853,  No.  6,  7.    Theater  adv. 
1853,  No.  21,  22.    Pub.  adv. 
1853,  No.  42,  43.    Theater  adv. 
1853,  No.  112.    Notice,  journey. 

Mannheimer    Unterhaltungsblatt.    Belletristische    Beilage 
zum  Mannheimer  Journal,  hg.  v.  Dr.  E.  H.  Th.  Hahn. 
1852,  No.  246-303,  October  ^December  21.    Notice  and 

U.  T.  C. 

1852,  No.  254,  October  25.    Notice. 

1852,  No.  263,  November  4.    Notice. 

1853,  No.     13,  January  15.    Biography. 
1853,  No.  121,  May  23.    Note. 

1855,  No.  295,  December  12.    Notice. 
1855,  No.  299,  December  17.    Notice. 

Minerva.    Ein  Journal  fur  Geschichte,  Politik,  u.  Literatur 
v.  Dr.  Fr.  Brau.    Jena. 

1852,  IV,  p.  267-321.    Long  review. 

Morgenblatt  fur  gebildete  Leser. 

1853,  No.  8,  February  20,  p.  137.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  19,  May  8,  p.  449-451.    Long  review  and  thea 
ter  notice. 

Neue  Preussische  Zeitung.    Berlin. 

1852,  No.  279,  December  1.  Eeview. 
1852,  No.  287,  December  10.  Notice. 
1852,  No.  283-286,  December  5-13.  Theater  adv. 

1852,  No.  300-304,  December  25-31.    Theater  adv. 

1853,  No.  1-7,  January  1-9.    Theater  adv. 

1853,  No.  5,  January  7.    Theater  adv.  and  criticism. 


APPENDIX  95 

1853,  No.  10,  January  13.    Notice,  journey. 

1853,  No.  11-12,  January  14-15.    Theater  adv. 

1853,  No.  21,  January  26.    Adv. 

1853,  No.  24,  January  29.    Adv.  and  notice. 

1853,  No.  31,  February  6.    Theater  adv. 

1853,  No.  35,  February  11.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  98,  April  29.    Adv. 

1853,  No.  99,  April  30.    Adv. 

1853,  No.  104,  May  5.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  110,  May  14.    Notice,  journey. 

1853,  No.  116,  May  22.    Eeview  ed.  children. 

1853,  No.  121,  May  28.    Mrs.  Stowe  pers.  app. 

1854,  No.  105,  May  5.    Notice. 

Rheinische  Blatter  fur  Unterhaltung  und  gemeinniitziges 
Leben.    Ein  Beiblatt  zum  Mainzer  Journal. 

1852,  No.  290,  December  7,  p.  1159.    Notice. 

1853,  No.  54,  March  5,  p.  216.    Theater  advs. 
1853,  No.  55,  March  6,  p.  220.    Theater  advs. 

Saga.    Suddeutsche  Wochenschrift  fur  Ernst  u.  Scherz  auf 
dem  Gebiete  der  Politik,  der  Literatur  u.  des  offent- 
lichen  Lebens  v.  K.  Schochlin.    Karlsruhe. 
1853,  No.  5,  July  31,  p.  37.    Notice,  journey. 
1853,  No.  9,  August  26,  p.  69.    Notice. 
1853,  No.  11,  September  11,  p.  85.    Theater. 
1853,  No.  12,  September  18,  p.  93.    Notice,  journey. 

Unterhaltung  en  am  hauslichen  Herd,  hg.  v.  Karl  Gutzkow. 
1853, 1,  No.  7.    Long  review. 
1853, 1,  No.  13,  p.  208.    Notice  and  criticism. 
1853, 1,  No.  23.    Notice  and  criticism. 
1854, 1,  No.  46,  p.  735.    Notice  and  criticism. 
1864,  II,  No.  19,  p.  375-6.    Criticism. 

Wochenblatt  fur  die  grossherzoglichen  Bezirke  Baden  und 

Buhl. 

1852,  No.  130,  October  28,  p.  863.    Pub.  adv. 

1853,  No.  5,  January  11.    Pub.  adv. 


96  UNCLE  TOM^S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

(b)    Eeviews  of  the  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin, 

Badische  Landeszeitung. 
1853,  No.  76,  April  2. 
1853,  No.  110,  May  13,  p.  453. 

Beilage  Blatter  zum  Heidelberger  Journal. 
1853,  No.  40,  April  3. 

Magazin  fur  die  Literatur  des  Auslandes.  Berl.  J.  Lehmann. 
1853,  No.  43,  April  9,  p.  171-2. 

Mainzer  Journal. 

1853,  No.  88,  April  13.    Adv. 

Rheinische  Blatter.    Beiblatt  zum  Mainzer  Journal. 
1853,  No.  109,  May  9,  p.  435. 

2.    Bibliography, 
(a)  General  References. 

1.  Otto  v.  Corvin,  1848-1871.     Geschichte  der  Neuzeit.    2 

Bde.    2  Aufl.    Lpz.  1887. 

2.  W.  J.  Damson.     The  Makers  of  Eng.  Fiction.    London, 

1905. 

3.  B.  Estvdn.    Kriegsbilder  aus  Amerika  v.  B.  Estvan, 

Oberst  der  Cavalerie  der  Confoderirten  Armee.    Th! 
2,s.211.    Lpz.  1864.    Brockhaus. 

4.  E.  P.  Evans.    Beitrage  zur  amerikanischen  Lit.-  u.  Kul- 

turgeschichte.    Stuttg.,  1898.    Gotta. 

5.  Kwno  Francke.     Social  Forces  in  German  Lit.    N.  Y., 

1899.    H.  Holt  &  Co. 

6.  Fr.  Kreytzig.    Vorlesnngen  iiber  den  deutschen  Eoman 

der  Gegenwart.    Berlin,  1871. 

7.  H.  Mielke.    Der  deutsche  Eoman  des  19  Jhts.    Braun 

schweig,  1890  und  1898. 

8.  Karl    Rehorn.    Der    deutsche    Eoman— Geschichtliche 

Eiickblicke  u.  kritische  Streiflichter.    Koln  und  Lpz., 
1890.    s.89ff. 


APPENDIX  97 

9.  Const  antin  Sander.  Geschichte  des  vierjahrigen  Biir- 
gerkrieges  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Ainerika. 
Frankfurt  a/M.,  1865. 

10.  Julian  Schmidt.     Geschichte  der  deu.  Lit.  v.  Leibnitz 

bis  auf  unsere  Zeit;  Bd.  5,  s.  587-8.    Berlin,  1896. 

11.  Walther  Schumann.  Leitfaden  zum  Studium  der  Lit.  der 

Vereinigten  Staaten  v.  Am.    Giessen,  1905.    E.  Both. 

12.  Georg  Weber.    Weltgeschichte.    2  Aufl.  Bd.  15,  Th.  1,  s. 

549.    Lpz.,  1889.    Engelmann. 

13.  Barrett  Wendell.    A  Literary  History  of  America.    Lon 

don,  1901. 

14.  W.  Werenberg.    Der  deutsche  Tendenz-Roman.    Bl.  fur 

lit.  Unterh.    1853.    s.  49-51. 

15.  Geo.  W.  Williams.    History  of  Negro  Race  in  Am.,  1619- 

1880. 

16.  Wilson.    Rise  and  Pall  of  the  Slave  Power  in  America. 

Vol.  II,  p.  519  ff. 

17.  W.  Wintzler.     Die  Vereinigten  Staaten  in  Kampfe  fur 

Freiheit  u.  Humanitat.    Grenzboten  1898. 

(b)  Mrs.  H.  B.  Stoive  and  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

1.  Chas.  Ed.  Stowe.    Life  of  Harriet  Beecher-Stowe.  Bos 

ton  and  New  York,  1889,  1890.  Houghton  Mifflin  & 
Co. 

2.  Mrs.  Anne  Field.     Life  and  Letters  of  Mrs.  Stowe,  1898. 

3.  Florine  Thayer  McCray.     The  Lifework  of  the  Author 

of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.  1889,  1890;  New  York.  Funk 
&  Wagnalls.  Reviewed  in  Mag.  of  Am.  Hist.,  Vol.  23, 
p.  16. 

4.  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.    Review— North  Am.  Rev.  by  S.  G. 

Fisher.    1853.    Oct.    Vol.  77,  p.  446. 

5.  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.    Review  Fraser's  Mag.,  by  Arthur 

Helps.    1852.    Vol.  46,  pp.  237-244. 

6.  Appleton's   Encyclopedia   of   Am.   Biogr.,   pp.   713-14. 

New  York,  1888. 


98  UNCLE  TOM^S  CABIN  IN  GERMANY 

7.  Frank  S.  Arnett.    Fifty  years  of  Uncle  Tom.    Munsey's 

Mag.  1902,  p.  897-902. 

8.  Henry  A.  Beers.    Lit.   and   Civil  War.    Allan.   Mon. 

1901,  Dec. 

9.  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  new  ed.,  1878  and  1882,  with  Bibli 

ography,  by  Geo.  Sullen.    New  York,  Houghton  Mif- 
flin  &  Co. 

10.  Paul  Lester  Ford.    The  Am.  Hist.  Novel.    Allan.  Mon. 

1897,  Vol.  80. 

11.  L.    v.    KroJcow.    Am.    characters   in    German    Novels. 

Allan.  Mon.,  1891,  Dec.;  1892,  Jan. 

(c)    Translations. 

1.  Brinkmann's  Catalogus  der  Boeken,  Plaat  en  Kaarte- 

verken  door  B.  van  der  Meulln.    Amsterdam,  1850- 
1882. 

2.  British  Museum  Catalogue  of  Printed  Books.   London, 

Wm.  Clowe  &  Sons. 

3.  Brummer.    Lex.  den.  Dichter  u.  Prosaisten  d.  19.  Jhts., 

2  Bde.    Lpz.,  1896.    Eeclam. 

4.  Catalago  Generale  della  Liberia  Italiana  Milano. 

5.  Catalogue  Generale  de  la  Librarie  francaise,  Lorenz — 

Paris  Librarie  Nilsson. 

6.  Heinsius.    Biicherlexicon.    Lpz.,  Brockhaus. 

7.  Hinrichs.     Katalog,  u.  s.  w.    Lpz.,  Hinrichs. 

8.  Kayser.     Biicherlexicon. 

9.  Palaky.    Lexicon  dentscher  Frauen  der  Feder.    Berlin, 

1898. 
10.  Svenskt.    Boklexicon.    Stockholm,  1884. 

3.  Translations  and  Reviews  of  the  other  works  of  Mrs. 

Stowe. 

(a)  Translations. 

1.  1853 — Die     Maiblume.     Bilder     u.     Charaktere,     16° 
(XVIII,  336s).    Berlin,  Duncker  u.  Humblot. 


APPENDIX  99 

2.  1853 — Maibliimchen,  oder  Am.  Skizzen  u.  Erzahlungen 

aus  d.  Engl.    8°  (III,  178s).    Leipzig,  Kittler. 

3.  1855 — Das  Maibliimchen,  oder  Skizzen  u.  Scenen  von 

Charakteren  unter  den  Nachkommen  der  Pilger  v.  H. 
B.  Stowe  (geb.  Beecher),  mit  einer  Vorrede  v.  Cathe 
rine  Beecher.  Stereotyp  ausg.  1.  und  2.  Anfl.  m.  d. 
Portrait  der  Verfasserin,  Bd.  7,  neue  Volksbibl.  hg.  v. 
Aug.  Schroder.  8°  (IX,  139s).  Leipzig,  Friedlein. 

4.  1853  (I) — Dred.     Eine  Erzahl.  aus  d.  grossen  Schreck- 

enssiimpfe,  v.  H.  B.  Stowe.    Ins  Deu.  iibertragen,  v. 

A.  Kretschmar;  7  Bde.  (180;  183;  202;  196;  183;  200; 
192s) ;  Bde.  992-998.  Europ.  Bibl  d.  neuen  belletr.  Lit. 
Deutschl.  u.  Frankreichs,  u.  s.  w.    Wurzen,  Verlags- 
comptoir. 

5.  1856 — Dred.     Eine  Erzahl.   aus  dem  grossen  Dismal- 

siimpfe.  Bd.  10.  Neue  Volksbibl.  1859  also?  8°  (X, 
358s).  Leipzig,  Friedlein. 

6.  1856 — Dred.     Eine    Erzahl.    aus    d.    grossen    Wiisten- 

moore,  aus  d.  Engl.  iibers.  v.  Marie  Heine.  3  Bde., 
1856-1857.  Leipzig,  Kollmann. 

7.  1856 — Dred.    Eine  Erzahl.  aus  amerik.  Siimpfen,  v.  H. 

B.  Stowe.    2  Bde.  (328,  326s),  gr.  12.    Die  Romanzei- 
tung,  Bibl.  der  vorzuglichen  Romane  des  In-  u.  Aus- 
landes;  hg.  v.  Aug.  Zang;  2  Jahrg.  Wien,  Ludwig  u. 
Zang. 

8.  1856,  1858(1)—  Dred.    Eine  Erzahl.  aus  d.  grossen  Dis- 

malsumpfe.  2  Bde.  (in  1  Bd.),  gr.  8°  (V,  583s).  Bos 
ton,  Philadelphia,  U.  S.  A.,  Schafer  u.  Koradi. 

9.  1859(?)—  Des  Predigers  Brautwerbung,  v.  H.  B.  Stowe, 

deu.  v.  b.  Kretschmar.  4  Bde.,  Europ.  Bibl.  der  neuen 
belletr.  Lit.,  XI.  Serie,  1087-1090  (1851-1856).  Wur- 
zln,  Verlags-Comptoir. 

10.  1901— Des  Predigers  Brautiverbung,  aus  d.  Engl.  neu 

bearb.  Ausg.    8°,  479s.    Leipzig,  F.  Jansa. 

11.  1867— Blatter  iiber  Haus  u.  Heim,  aus  d.  Engl.  8°,  184s. 

Brandenburg,  Wieseke. 


100  UNCLE  TOM?S  CABIN  IN  GEEMANY 

12.  1870 — Die  Leute  von  Oldtown.    Roman  aus  d.  Engl. 

iibers.  v.  J.  N.  Heynrichs  (Jenny  Hirsch).  Autorausg. 
4  Bde.,  8°  (255;  249;  233;  227s)".  Berlin,  Janke. 

13.  1869 — Kleine  Fuchse,  oder  die  kleinen  Fehler,  welche 

das  hausl.  Gliick  storen;  aus  d.  Engl.    16°,  143s. 

1873— 224s,  16°,  m.  Goldschn. 

1874— 182s,  8°,  m.  4  Bildern  u.  Lichtdr. 

1878— 224s,  4  Aufl.  Cart.  m.  Goldschn. 

1887— 182s,  8°,  m.  4  Lichtdr.  Taf. 

1908— 192s,  kl.  8°,  11  Aufl.,  Kart.  m.  Goldschn. 
Giitersloh,  Bertelsmann. 

14.  1870 — H  ermine    Frank.     Familien     Silhouetten,     frei 

Ubertr.  u.  Bearb.  d.  Little  Foxes,  by  Mrs.  H.  B. 
Stowe;  gr.  16°,  232s.  Frankfurt  a/M. 

15.  1871 — Das  Pathchen  der  Palmweide,  aus  dem  Amerik. 

16°  (160s,  m.  1  Holzschn.  Taf.)  Giitersloh,  Bertels 
mann. 

16.  1876 — Wir  u.  unsere  Nachbarn,  u.  s.  w.,  deu.  v.  Emil  Leh- 

mann;  2  Bde.  (311;  309s).  Neue  belletr.  Lese^Cabinet 
der  besten  u.  interessant.  Romane  oiler  Nationen  No. 
1599-1614.  Wien,  Hartleben. 

17.  1895-6 — Wir  u.  unsere  Nachbarn,  u.  s.  w.,  v.  H.  B.  Stowe. 

3  Bde.  (160 ;  159 ;  176s).  Coll.  Hartleben  Ausw.  d.  her- 
vorrag.  Romane  aller  Nationen.  Wien,  Hartleben. 

18.  1881 — Morgen  kommt  E.  R.,  v.  Mrs.  H.  Beecher-Stowe, 

aus  d.  Engl.    8°,  12s.    Barmen,  Wiemann. 

19.  1892— Chas.  E.  Stowe,  H.  B.  Stowe,  Briefe  u.  Tage- 

biicher,  hg.  v.  C.  E.  Stowe ;  deu.  v.  Margarethe  Jacobi; 
gr.  8°  (VIII,  311s,  m.  Bildnis).  Gotha,  F.  A.  Perthes. 


Editions  in  English. 

1.  1856 — Dred,  a  tale  of  the  great  Dismal  Swamp.  2  Vols., 

No.  372,  373. 

2.  1859— The  Minister's  Wooing,  No.  494. 

3.  1869— Oldtown  Folks,  2  Vols.,  No.  1019,  1020  (710s). 
Collection  Brit.  Authors.    Leipzig,  Tauchnitz. 


APPENDIX  101 

4.  1853— Tales  from  H.  B.  Stowe.  Vol.  8,  9.  Little  Eng. 
Library,  etc.,  with  questions  by  James  McLean.  Leip 
zig,  Baumgartner. 

(b)  Reviews. 

1.  Die  Maiblum,e.  Allgem.  Zeitung,  1853,  Beil.  No.  63 ;  Mar. 

4,  p.  1107. 
Freiburger  Zeitung,  1853,  No.  43;  Feb.  19,  p.  170. 

Notice. 
Freiburger  Zeitung,  1853,  No.  66;  Mar.  18  to  Apr.  3, 

No.  80;  Die  Maiblume. 
Neue  Preuss.  Zeitung,  1853,  No.  35;  Feb.  12. 
Unterh.  am  hausl.  Herd,  1853,  No.  28. 

2.  Dred.     Grenzboten,  1856,  IV,  p.  197.     Blatter  fur  lit. 

Unterh.,  1858,  I,  No.  5,  p.  91-2;  Jan.  8. 

3.  Sonnige  Erinnerungen  aus  fremden  Landen.     Allgem. 

Zeitung,  Beil.,  1854,  No.  271;  Sept.  28. 

4.  Des  Predigers  Brautiverbwig.    Blatter  fur  lit.  Unterh., 

1860,1,  No.  1;  Jan.  1,  p.  19-22. 

5.  Byron  Controversy.     Blatter  fur  lit.  Unterh.    1869,  II, 

p.  622,  No.  39. 


1-02  UNCLE  TOM'S  CABIN  IN  GEKMANY 

Lebenslauf. 

Am  5.  Juni,  1882,  bin  ich,  Grace  Edith  MacLean,  evan- 
gelischer  Konfession  zu  Vineland,  New  Jersey,  Vereinigten 
Staaten  von  Amerika,  als  Tochter  des  verstorbenen  Pastors 
Calvin  Barber  MacLean  und  seiner  Gemahlin,  Caroline 
Frances  geb.  Dayton,  geboren.  Nach  Vorbereitung  in  den 
offentlichen  Schulen  in  Palmyra,  New  Jersey,  und  in  Stam 
ford,  Connecticut,  besuchte  ich  die  Stamford  "High  School " 
von  September,  1897,  bis  Juni,  1898,  und  die  "Bacon  Acad 
emy  "  in  Colchester,  Connecticut,  von  September,  1898,  bis 
Juni,  1900,  von  der  ich  dann  graduirte.  Von  September, 
1900,  bis  Juni,  1903,  besuchte  ich  das  "Temple  College. ", 
jetzt  "Temple  University ",  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
wo  ich  im  Juni,  1903,  den  Baccalaureus  in  Artibus  erlangte. 
Von  September,  1903,  bis  Juni,  1906,  fiihrte  ich  meine 
Studien  in  der  "University  of  Pennsylvania ' '  in  Philadel 
phia,  fort,  wo  ich  im  Juni,  1905,  den  Magister  in  Artibus 
erlangte. 

Im  August,  1906,  reiste  ich  nach  Europa  und  studierte 
von  Herbst  1906  bis  Herbst  1909  in  Heidelberg  und  widmete 
mich  unter  der  Anleitung  der  Herren : 

Professor  Dr.  Hoops, 

Geh.  Hofrat  Dr.  Neumann, 

Professor  Dr.  Freiherr  v.  Waldberg, 

anglistischen,  romanistischen  und  germanistischen  Studien. 
Ferner  nahm  ich  teil  an  den  Vorlesungen  und  Ubungen  von 

Geh.  Hofrat  Dr.  Braune, 

Professor  Dr.  Ehrismann, 

Professor  Dr.  Petsch, 

Professor  Dr.  Schneegans, 

Dr.  Jordan. 

Das  Examen  rigorosum  bestand  ich  am  26.  Juli,  1909. 
Allen  meinen  verehrten  Lehrern,  besonders  Herrn  Pro 
fessor  Dr.  Hoops  der  Universitat  Heidelberg,  und  Herrn 
Professor  Dr.  M.  D.  Learned  der  Universitat  Pennsylvania, 
U.  S.  A.,  sage  ich  meinen  herzlichsten  Dank  fur  f reundlichen 
Eat  und  fur  alle  Anregung  die  ich  in  so  reichem  Masse  em- 
pf  angen  habe. 


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